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<p>Seawater salinity is a crucial physical parameter indicating the hydrological state of oceanic, mariculture, and freshwater systems. Recently, fiber optic sensors have shown great potential for salinity detection due to their simple fabrication, high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, and harsh environment sensing nature compared to existing detection methods such as electrochemical and electronic sensors, which are complex to fabricate, show electromagnetic interference, require high operating temperatures, and are less suitable for remote sensing applications. In particular, a RI-based lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensor offers a simple, low-power, and highly sensitive optical detection approach for salinity, addressing the aforementioned shortcomings. Herein, we report a room temperature LMR-based fiber optic salinity sensor, created by depositing approximately 143&#xa0;nm of SnO<sub>2</sub> thin film as the sensing layer on an uncladded fiber surface through RF sputtering, followed by XRD, SEM, and UV–Visible analysis to examine the material properties. Further, the SnO<sub>2</sub> thin film-coated LMR sensor performance is quantified with various NaCl saline solutions of 0 to 12% (RI of ~ 1.332 to ~ 1.345). Notably, the sensor has shown a salinity sensitivity of ~ 1.16&#xa0;nm/% in the 0 to 12% range with expeditious response and recovery times of 5&#xa0;s and 22&#xa0;s, respectively, and temperature sensitivity of 0.076&#xa0;nm/&#xa0;°C at 2% NaCl solution in the 27–100&#xa0;°C temperature range. The LOD and LOQ values for NaCl were determined as 1.38% and 4.20%, respectively. Overall, high sensitivity, short response/recovery times, and simple sensor probe preparation endow it with the potential for online monitoring of salinity in deep-sea environments.</p>

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An experimental study of SnO2 thin film-coated fiber optic lossy mode resonance sensor for salinity detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月15日

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  • P. Manivannan,
  • S. Narasimman,
  • A. Prasanth,
  • Z. C. Alex

摘要

Seawater salinity is a crucial physical parameter indicating the hydrological state of oceanic, mariculture, and freshwater systems. Recently, fiber optic sensors have shown great potential for salinity detection due to their simple fabrication, high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, and harsh environment sensing nature compared to existing detection methods such as electrochemical and electronic sensors, which are complex to fabricate, show electromagnetic interference, require high operating temperatures, and are less suitable for remote sensing applications. In particular, a RI-based lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensor offers a simple, low-power, and highly sensitive optical detection approach for salinity, addressing the aforementioned shortcomings. Herein, we report a room temperature LMR-based fiber optic salinity sensor, created by depositing approximately 143 nm of SnO2 thin film as the sensing layer on an uncladded fiber surface through RF sputtering, followed by XRD, SEM, and UV–Visible analysis to examine the material properties. Further, the SnO2 thin film-coated LMR sensor performance is quantified with various NaCl saline solutions of 0 to 12% (RI of ~ 1.332 to ~ 1.345). Notably, the sensor has shown a salinity sensitivity of ~ 1.16 nm/% in the 0 to 12% range with expeditious response and recovery times of 5 s and 22 s, respectively, and temperature sensitivity of 0.076 nm/ °C at 2% NaCl solution in the 27–100 °C temperature range. The LOD and LOQ values for NaCl were determined as 1.38% and 4.20%, respectively. Overall, high sensitivity, short response/recovery times, and simple sensor probe preparation endow it with the potential for online monitoring of salinity in deep-sea environments.