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<p>The worldwide demand for green energy alternatives has driven the development of new photoactive materials for future-generation solar cells. In the present work, tin (Sn)-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles were successfully prepared through co-precipitation route followed by organic dye grafting—carminic acid (CA), pyrocatechol violet (PCV), and dithizone (DT)—and subsequently blended with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to develop hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cell. Structural and microscopic analyses using XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, and SEM confirmed the successful doping, dye grafting, and favorable nanostructurization. Bandgap was tuned from 3.51 eV for the undoped ZnS to 3.01 eV by doping with Sn, which improves the absorption of visible light. Photovoltaic characteristics were assessed under simulated sunlight conditions using I–V characteristics. The reference device (P3HT-ZnS) exhibited modest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.52%, whereas an increment to 0.87% was observed with doping alone using Sn doping. Surprisingly, the devices using the dye-sensitized Sn-ZnS nanohybrids improved significantly, and with the P3HT + Sn-ZnS + PCV cell achieving the highest efficiency of 2.23%, with short-circuit current density (J<sub>sc</sub>) as 10.80 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and an open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>) of 0.45 V. This improved performance is ascribed to the synergistic effect of doping with Sn and dye sensitization, which enhanced the light harvesting, charge separation, and hurt less recombination. This indicates that the dye-sensitized, Sn-doped ZnS nanohybrids mixed with P3HT are new photoanode materials for the applications in hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cell devices.</p>

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Boosting efficiency of hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells using organic dyes-grafted Sn-doped ZnS nanohybrid blended with P3HT

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月3日

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  • Naimat Ullah,
  • Fazal Akbar Jan,
  • Syed Mujtaba Shah,
  • Muhammad Usman,
  • Munzir H. Suliman

摘要

The worldwide demand for green energy alternatives has driven the development of new photoactive materials for future-generation solar cells. In the present work, tin (Sn)-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles were successfully prepared through co-precipitation route followed by organic dye grafting—carminic acid (CA), pyrocatechol violet (PCV), and dithizone (DT)—and subsequently blended with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to develop hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cell. Structural and microscopic analyses using XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, and SEM confirmed the successful doping, dye grafting, and favorable nanostructurization. Bandgap was tuned from 3.51 eV for the undoped ZnS to 3.01 eV by doping with Sn, which improves the absorption of visible light. Photovoltaic characteristics were assessed under simulated sunlight conditions using I–V characteristics. The reference device (P3HT-ZnS) exhibited modest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.52%, whereas an increment to 0.87% was observed with doping alone using Sn doping. Surprisingly, the devices using the dye-sensitized Sn-ZnS nanohybrids improved significantly, and with the P3HT + Sn-ZnS + PCV cell achieving the highest efficiency of 2.23%, with short-circuit current density (Jsc) as 10.80 mA/cm2 and an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.45 V. This improved performance is ascribed to the synergistic effect of doping with Sn and dye sensitization, which enhanced the light harvesting, charge separation, and hurt less recombination. This indicates that the dye-sensitized, Sn-doped ZnS nanohybrids mixed with P3HT are new photoanode materials for the applications in hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cell devices.