The electrical characterization of three BaTiO3 samples, designated BaTiO3(1), BaTiO3(2), and BaTiO3(3), was performed using insulation resistance, dielectric loss, and permittivity measurements, complimented by ferroelectric hysteresis loop analysis both before and after aging. Insulation resistance tests showed that BaTiO3(1) exhibited lower values, modestly increasing from approximately 1.5 GΩ at 1000 V to 2.0 GΩ at 1400 V, while BaTiO3(2) and BaTiO3(3) demonstrated significantly higher resistances (6.0–8.0 GΩ), indicating superior insulating properties. Dielectric loss measurements revealed that all samples initially had moderate losses (~ 1.2–1.4%), which decreased to ~ 0.2–0.3% near the Curie temperature (~ 130 °C). Permittivity analysis showed that BaTiO3(1) reached a peak permittivity of about 3000, markedly higher than BaTiO3(2) and BaTiO3(3) (around 2100 and 2200, respectively). This study presents a comparative analysis of the ferroelectric behavior of BaTiO3 samples before and after aging, focusing on remanent polarization (± Pr), saturation polarization (Ps), coercive fields (± Ec), and maximum electric field (Em) across frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 15 Hz. For BaTiO3 (1), aging led to a substantial increase in + Pr from 38.6 µC/m2 to 203 µC/m2 and − Pr from − 35 µC/m2 to − 101 µC/m2, with Ec rising from ± 0.41 MV/m to ± 2.72 MV/m and Em decreasing from 1.60 MV/m to 9.96 MV/m at 0.1 Hz. In BaTiO3 (2), aged samples exhibited a sharp rise in + Pr to 411 µC/m2 and Ps to 766 µC/m2, compared to 99.4 µC/m2 and 261 µC/m2 in unaged samples. Coercive fields also increased, while (Em) slightly declined at higher frequencies. For BaTiO3 (3), aged samples showed + Pr as high as 382 µC/m2 and − Pr of − 494 µC/m2, compared to 65.4 µC/m2 and − 83.6 µC/m2 in unaged states. (Em) remained relatively stable at ~ 1.47 MV/m but did not improve post-aging. These findings indicate that aging enhances domain alignment and polarization, increasing Ec while diminishing the material’s ability to sustain high electric fields, especially at higher frequencies.

Electrical and ferroelectric characterization of BaTiO₃ ceramics, dielectric properties and hysteresis behavior

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年8月4日

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Samira Boumous,
Zouhir Boumous,
Hadia Belhouchet,
Mohamed Nasser,
Naouel Hezil,
Ahlem Guesmi,
Lotfi Khezami,
Mamoun Fellah

摘要

The electrical characterization of three BaTiO₃ samples, designated BaTiO₃(1), BaTiO₃(2), and BaTiO₃(3), was performed using insulation resistance, dielectric loss, and permittivity measurements, complimented by ferroelectric hysteresis loop analysis both before and after aging. Insulation resistance tests showed that BaTiO₃(1) exhibited lower values, modestly increasing from approximately 1.5 GΩ at 1000 V to 2.0 GΩ at 1400 V, while BaTiO₃(2) and BaTiO₃(3) demonstrated significantly higher resistances (6.0–8.0 GΩ), indicating superior insulating properties. Dielectric loss measurements revealed that all samples initially had moderate losses (~ 1.2–1.4%), which decreased to ~ 0.2–0.3% near the Curie temperature (~ 130 °C). Permittivity analysis showed that BaTiO₃(1) reached a peak permittivity of about 3000, markedly higher than BaTiO₃(2) and BaTiO₃(3) (around 2100 and 2200, respectively). This study presents a comparative analysis of the ferroelectric behavior of BaTiO₃ samples before and after aging, focusing on remanent polarization (± Pr), saturation polarization (Ps), coercive fields (± Ec), and maximum electric field (Em) across frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 15 Hz. For BaTiO₃ (1), aging led to a substantial increase in + Pr from 38.6 µC/m² to 203 µC/m² and − Pr from − 35 µC/m² to − 101 µC/m², with Ec rising from ± 0.41 MV/m to ± 2.72 MV/m and Em decreasing from 1.60 MV/m to 9.96 MV/m at 0.1 Hz. In BaTiO₃ (2), aged samples exhibited a sharp rise in + Pr to 411 µC/m² and Ps to 766 µC/m², compared to 99.4 µC/m² and 261 µC/m² in unaged samples. Coercive fields also increased, while (Em) slightly declined at higher frequencies. For BaTiO₃ (3), aged samples showed + Pr as high as 382 µC/m² and − Pr of − 494 µC/m², compared to 65.4 µC/m² and − 83.6 µC/m² in unaged states. (Em) remained relatively stable at ~ 1.47 MV/m but did not improve post-aging. These findings indicate that aging enhances domain alignment and polarization, increasing Ec while diminishing the material’s ability to sustain high electric fields, especially at higher frequencies.

Electrical and ferroelectric characterization of BaTiO3 ceramics, dielectric properties and hysteresis behavior

摘要

Electrical and ferroelectric characterization of BaTiO₃ ceramics, dielectric properties and hysteresis behavior