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<p>In this work, manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) co-doped NdFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles have been synthesized using the sol–gel citrate method. The systematic investigation of various physical properties of NdFe<sub>0.9-x</sub> Co<sub>x</sub> Mn<sub>0.10</sub> O<sub>3</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.0 to 0.10; step size = 0.02) samples has been carried out. Structural analysis using Rietveld refinement has confirmed an orthorhombic crystal structure with a Pbnm space group for all samples. UV-DRS has been employed for optical analysis, showing that the bandgap values range from 2.52 eV to 1.97&#xa0;eV within the visible range. The dielectric study has shown an enhanced dielectric constant with doping concentration, while AC conductivity has increased with both frequency and Co doping. DC electrical resistivity measurements have indicated that all samples exhibit semiconducting behavior, with activation energy values ranging from 0.34 to 0.49&#xa0;meV. The M–H loop analysis suggests that the synthesized samples exhibit weak ferromagnetism, attributed to super-exchange and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions. The increase in Co doping enhances the maximum magnetization, likely due to charge anisotropy caused by oxygen non-stoichiometry, strengthening magnetic ordering within the system. Ferroelectric properties have been confirmed by well-defined polarization versus electric field (P-E) loops for all samples, and the maximum polarization was obtained as 16.90 <i>μ</i>C/cm<sup>2</sup> for 6% Co doping at 5&#xa0;kV/cm. The results have demonstrated that all prepared samples exhibit a multiferroic nature at room temperature, making them suitable for various technological applications.</p>

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Influence of transition metal ion co-doping (Mn–Co) on the structural, optical, electrical, and multiferroic properties of NdFeO3 nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月11日

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  • Faizul Qamar,
  • Surbhi Sharma,
  • Shakeel Khan

摘要

In this work, manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) co-doped NdFeO3 nanoparticles have been synthesized using the sol–gel citrate method. The systematic investigation of various physical properties of NdFe0.9-x Cox Mn0.10 O3 (x = 0.0 to 0.10; step size = 0.02) samples has been carried out. Structural analysis using Rietveld refinement has confirmed an orthorhombic crystal structure with a Pbnm space group for all samples. UV-DRS has been employed for optical analysis, showing that the bandgap values range from 2.52 eV to 1.97 eV within the visible range. The dielectric study has shown an enhanced dielectric constant with doping concentration, while AC conductivity has increased with both frequency and Co doping. DC electrical resistivity measurements have indicated that all samples exhibit semiconducting behavior, with activation energy values ranging from 0.34 to 0.49 meV. The M–H loop analysis suggests that the synthesized samples exhibit weak ferromagnetism, attributed to super-exchange and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions. The increase in Co doping enhances the maximum magnetization, likely due to charge anisotropy caused by oxygen non-stoichiometry, strengthening magnetic ordering within the system. Ferroelectric properties have been confirmed by well-defined polarization versus electric field (P-E) loops for all samples, and the maximum polarization was obtained as 16.90 μC/cm2 for 6% Co doping at 5 kV/cm. The results have demonstrated that all prepared samples exhibit a multiferroic nature at room temperature, making them suitable for various technological applications.