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<p>The low-temperature colloidal solution-processed tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>)-based electron transport layer (ETL) has received considerable attention in the development of planar perovskite solar cells (PSC) to resolve issues encountered with conventional ETL, TiO<sub>2</sub>, e.g., effect of elevated temperatures processing, low mobility, and low UV photocatalytic activity. However, the presence of Sn vacancies and hydroxyl groups at SnO<sub>2</sub> surface hinders the PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) and subsequently the long-term stability of PSC. In this study, the effect of pristine SnO<sub>2</sub> and KCl-treated SnO<sub>2</sub> ETL layers were studied for air ambient fabricated PSCs. From the W–H plot, the strain (<i>ε</i>) values were found to be 0.66 × 10<sup>–3</sup> ± 0.00026 and 0.87 × 10<sup>–3</sup> ± 0.00022 for the perovskite film on pure and KCl-treated SnO<sub>2</sub>, respectively. Solar cell devices on KCl-treated SnO<sub>2</sub> ETL showed a comparatively less diode quality factor (<i>n</i><sub>D2</sub> = 1.55) and smaller reverse saturation current (<i>J</i><sub>o</sub> = 5.57 × 10<sup>–5</sup>&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup>) as compared to pristine SnO<sub>2</sub>-based devices, suggesting reduced trap state density and suppressed non-radiative recombination. These findings are also complemented by steady-state photoluminescence. Further, the best solar cell device based on KCl-treated SnO<sub>2</sub> ETL shows improved J<sub>sc</sub> of 20.83&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup>, a <i>FF</i> of 70.61%, and a PCE of 15.3% than the cell based on pristine SnO<sub>2</sub> ETL, J<sub>sc</sub> of 19.28&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup>, <i>FF</i> of 54.16%, and PCE of 10.8%. The film composition is roughly assumed to be according to the fractions of the precursor solutions, i.e., FAI (1&#xa0;M), PbI<sub>2</sub> (1.1&#xa0;M), MABr (0.2&#xa0;M), PbBr<sub>2</sub> (0.2&#xa0;M), and CsI (1.5&#xa0;M) in a DMF:DMSO solvent mixture. Further elemental analysis, for example by SIMS, will provide accurate compositions.</p>

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Effects of pure and metal chloride-treated SnO2 electron transport layer on air ambient fabricated perovskite solar cells: electrical, optical, and photovoltaic properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月8日

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  • N. Sivakumar,
  • Dinesh Kumar,
  • Rajesh Maurya,
  • Subhashis Saha,
  • Trilok Singh,
  • Jatindra Kumar Rath

摘要

The low-temperature colloidal solution-processed tin oxide (SnO2)-based electron transport layer (ETL) has received considerable attention in the development of planar perovskite solar cells (PSC) to resolve issues encountered with conventional ETL, TiO2, e.g., effect of elevated temperatures processing, low mobility, and low UV photocatalytic activity. However, the presence of Sn vacancies and hydroxyl groups at SnO2 surface hinders the PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) and subsequently the long-term stability of PSC. In this study, the effect of pristine SnO2 and KCl-treated SnO2 ETL layers were studied for air ambient fabricated PSCs. From the W–H plot, the strain (ε) values were found to be 0.66 × 10–3 ± 0.00026 and 0.87 × 10–3 ± 0.00022 for the perovskite film on pure and KCl-treated SnO2, respectively. Solar cell devices on KCl-treated SnO2 ETL showed a comparatively less diode quality factor (nD2 = 1.55) and smaller reverse saturation current (Jo = 5.57 × 10–5 mA/cm2) as compared to pristine SnO2-based devices, suggesting reduced trap state density and suppressed non-radiative recombination. These findings are also complemented by steady-state photoluminescence. Further, the best solar cell device based on KCl-treated SnO2 ETL shows improved Jsc of 20.83 mA cm−2, a FF of 70.61%, and a PCE of 15.3% than the cell based on pristine SnO2 ETL, Jsc of 19.28 mA cm−2, FF of 54.16%, and PCE of 10.8%. The film composition is roughly assumed to be according to the fractions of the precursor solutions, i.e., FAI (1 M), PbI2 (1.1 M), MABr (0.2 M), PbBr2 (0.2 M), and CsI (1.5 M) in a DMF:DMSO solvent mixture. Further elemental analysis, for example by SIMS, will provide accurate compositions.