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<p>SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles doped with rare earth (RE) elements (Sn<sub>(1-x)</sub>M<sub>4/3x</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, where M represents Ce<sup>3+</sup>, La<sup>3+</sup>, Nd<sup>3+</sup>, or Pr<sup>3+</sup>, and x = 0, 0.05) were synthesized via the sol–gel method and calcined in an air atmosphere at 500&#xa0;°C and 700&#xa0;°C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was employed to investigate the structural characteristics of the nanoparticles. The results confirmed the existence of a tetragonal unit cell similar to the SnO<sub>2</sub> structure. The morphological characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed an irregularly shaped particle growth. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) further demonstrated a uniform distribution of the rare earth ions in all the samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis identified characteristic absorption peaks of SnO<sub>2</sub> corresponding to Sn–O and Sn–O–Sn vibrations at 560&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> and 603&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The specific surface area was assessed through nitrogen physisorption experiments, and the results revealed that the samples are porous with high surface area. Moreover, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy analysis demonstrated an increase in the ultraviolet absorbance of samples containing rare earth ions. The results of the photodegradation of rhodamine B indicated that the samples SnO<sub>2</sub>–Nd and SnO<sub>2</sub>–La exhibited higher efficiency when compared with the other samples analyzed in this research. These findings suggest that the SnO<sub>2</sub>–La powder calcined at 500&#xa0;°C and the SnO<sub>2</sub>–Nd sample calcined at 700&#xa0;°C exhibit the highest photodegradation efficiencies, achieving 99.46% and 98.29% removal of RhB dye, respectively. These efficiencies were achieved in the absence of any incorporated reducing agents.</p>

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Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under UV-C light using rare earth doped SnO2 nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月14日

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  • Ethiel Zavala-Flores,
  • Rigoberto López-Juárez,
  • José C. González-Crisostomo

摘要

SnO2 nanoparticles doped with rare earth (RE) elements (Sn(1-x)M4/3xO2, where M represents Ce3+, La3+, Nd3+, or Pr3+, and x = 0, 0.05) were synthesized via the sol–gel method and calcined in an air atmosphere at 500 °C and 700 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was employed to investigate the structural characteristics of the nanoparticles. The results confirmed the existence of a tetragonal unit cell similar to the SnO2 structure. The morphological characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed an irregularly shaped particle growth. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) further demonstrated a uniform distribution of the rare earth ions in all the samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis identified characteristic absorption peaks of SnO2 corresponding to Sn–O and Sn–O–Sn vibrations at 560 cm−1 and 603 cm−1, respectively. The specific surface area was assessed through nitrogen physisorption experiments, and the results revealed that the samples are porous with high surface area. Moreover, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy analysis demonstrated an increase in the ultraviolet absorbance of samples containing rare earth ions. The results of the photodegradation of rhodamine B indicated that the samples SnO2–Nd and SnO2–La exhibited higher efficiency when compared with the other samples analyzed in this research. These findings suggest that the SnO2–La powder calcined at 500 °C and the SnO2–Nd sample calcined at 700 °C exhibit the highest photodegradation efficiencies, achieving 99.46% and 98.29% removal of RhB dye, respectively. These efficiencies were achieved in the absence of any incorporated reducing agents.