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<p>High-quality sodium para&#xa0;nitrophenolate dihydrate (NaPN) and <i>Beta vulgaris</i> (BV) dye-doped NaPN (BV05-NaPN, BV10-NaPN) single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with a growth period of 17, 16, and 14&#xa0;days, respectively. HPLC and GC–MS analyses were performed on the extract of the BV dye to evaluate its purity and molecular profile. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis revealed that the crystals belong to orthorhombic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group of Ima2. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy further verified the successful incorporation of BV dye into the crystal lattice. Optical analysis revealed enhanced transmittance, increasing from 69% (NaPN) to 76% for BV05-NaPN and 81% for BV10-NaPN. The thermal stability of the crystals improved, with decomposition temperatures of 132&#xa0;°C, 137&#xa0;°C, and 141&#xa0;°C, respectively. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency increased 1.35 times for BV10-NaPN compared to NaPN. Z-scan analysis confirmed enhanced third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, with a nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) of 0.75 × 10<sup>–10</sup>&#xa0;m/W and an optical limiting threshold of 2.36 × 10<sup>–12</sup> W/m<sup>2</sup> for BV05-NaPN, while BV10-NaPN exhibited β of 0.96 × 10<sup>–10</sup>&#xa0;m/W and an optical limiting threshold of 2.02 × 10<sup>–12</sup> W/m<sup>2</sup>. These enhancements highlight BV-doped NaPN as a promising material for optoelectronic and nonlinear optical applications.</p>

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Influence of Beta vulgaris dye integration on the growth and characterization of sodium para nitrophenolate dihydrate single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月28日

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  • A. Alex Arunmozhi,
  • Amutha Soosairaj,
  • K. Divya,
  • S. Selvakumar,
  • G. Steeve Shiny,
  • M. Lawrence,
  • A. Leo Rajesh

摘要

High-quality sodium para nitrophenolate dihydrate (NaPN) and Beta vulgaris (BV) dye-doped NaPN (BV05-NaPN, BV10-NaPN) single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with a growth period of 17, 16, and 14 days, respectively. HPLC and GC–MS analyses were performed on the extract of the BV dye to evaluate its purity and molecular profile. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis revealed that the crystals belong to orthorhombic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group of Ima2. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy further verified the successful incorporation of BV dye into the crystal lattice. Optical analysis revealed enhanced transmittance, increasing from 69% (NaPN) to 76% for BV05-NaPN and 81% for BV10-NaPN. The thermal stability of the crystals improved, with decomposition temperatures of 132 °C, 137 °C, and 141 °C, respectively. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency increased 1.35 times for BV10-NaPN compared to NaPN. Z-scan analysis confirmed enhanced third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, with a nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) of 0.75 × 10–10 m/W and an optical limiting threshold of 2.36 × 10–12 W/m2 for BV05-NaPN, while BV10-NaPN exhibited β of 0.96 × 10–10 m/W and an optical limiting threshold of 2.02 × 10–12 W/m2. These enhancements highlight BV-doped NaPN as a promising material for optoelectronic and nonlinear optical applications.