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<p>In this work, we detail a hydrothermal synthesis of MnO<sub>2</sub> nanorods at a temperature of 120&#xa0;°C, employing different ratios of precursors. The precursors used include manganese chloride tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate with molar ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. Thermal analysis indicated that the 1:3 precursor ratio exhibited the lowest activation energy of 40&#xa0;kJ/mol, making it suitable for MnO<sub>2</sub> synthesis. Analysis through X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of β-MnO<sub>2</sub> in all ratios studied, with the smallest crystals, measuring 7&#xa0;nm, identified specifically in the 1:3 ratio. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that manganese in MnO<sub>2</sub> exists in an oxidation state of + 4. Moreover, we synthesized MnO<sub>2</sub> employing a 1:3 precursor ratio at hydrothermal temperatures of 150, 180, and 210&#xa0;°C, and assessed the influence of the synthesis temperature on the electrochemical features. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis demonstrated that the MnO<sub>2</sub> synthesized at 120&#xa0;°C reached a specific capacitance of 452 F/g at a scan rate of 2&#xa0;mV/s. In addition, the galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD)&#xa0;analysis provided evidence of an energy density of 35 Wh/kg and a power density of 495 W/kg at a current density of 5 A/g, suggesting its substantial potential as a superior electrode material for the fabrication of supercapacitors.</p>

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Electrochemical supercapacitor performance of MnO2 nanorods via precursor ratio and hydrothermal temperature variation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月6日

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  • Anbazhagan Meena,
  • Haydullakhan Saleem,
  • Nadanasabesan Shanmugam,
  • Annamalai Senthil Kumar,
  • S. Suthakaran,
  • Manikandan Ayyar

摘要

In this work, we detail a hydrothermal synthesis of MnO2 nanorods at a temperature of 120 °C, employing different ratios of precursors. The precursors used include manganese chloride tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate with molar ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. Thermal analysis indicated that the 1:3 precursor ratio exhibited the lowest activation energy of 40 kJ/mol, making it suitable for MnO2 synthesis. Analysis through X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of β-MnO2 in all ratios studied, with the smallest crystals, measuring 7 nm, identified specifically in the 1:3 ratio. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that manganese in MnO2 exists in an oxidation state of + 4. Moreover, we synthesized MnO2 employing a 1:3 precursor ratio at hydrothermal temperatures of 150, 180, and 210 °C, and assessed the influence of the synthesis temperature on the electrochemical features. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis demonstrated that the MnO2 synthesized at 120 °C reached a specific capacitance of 452 F/g at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. In addition, the galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) analysis provided evidence of an energy density of 35 Wh/kg and a power density of 495 W/kg at a current density of 5 A/g, suggesting its substantial potential as a superior electrode material for the fabrication of supercapacitors.