Growth, elemental, spectral, linear, photoconductivity, dielectric, thermal, and Z-scan analysis of benzotriazolium oxalate dihydrate single crystal for third-order harmonic generation applications

In this research, an organic single crystal of benzotriazolium oxalate dihydrate (BTO) C₇H₆N₃O₂ was grown using slow evaporation solution growth method. The grown BTO compound crystallizes into a monoclinic crystal system, and it belongs to the centrosymmetric space group P2₁/c. The elemental composition of BTO crystal has been measured with a CHN analyzer. A ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum was obtained in order to analyze the title compound's environment. The photoluminescence measurement demonstrates the presence of a broad emission peak at 375 nm. The photoconduction nature of the grown crystal was identified through photoconductivity analysis. Dielectric investigations implies that grown crystals dielectric characteristics varied as a function of frequency at room temperature. The title compound was thermally stable upto157 °C, as confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of BTO material was found to be 1.886 × 10⁻⁵esu, as determined from Z-scan analysis, confirming the material's potential for applications requiring third-order harmonic generation, such as in optoelectronics.