Induction of W₁₈O₄₉ surface defects by manganese ion (Mn²⁺) doping to achieve efficient removal of ciprofloxacin in water

Defect engineering, as an effective means to improve catalyst performance, can not only generate efficient catalytic active sites but also provide charge and energy transfer channels. In this study, a manganese ion-doped (Mn²⁺) W₁₈O₄₉ catalyst was synthesized using a solvothermal method to enhance its catalytic performance for the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. Under full-spectrum illumination, the Mn²⁺-doped W₁₈O₄₉ exhibited significant catalytic efficiency, achieving a 74% degradation rate of CIP within one hour, which was 1.8 times that of pure W₁₈O₄₉. Both pure W₁₈O₄₉ and Mn²⁺-doped W₁₈O₄₉ samples have undergone standard characterization tests commonly used in the field of photocatalytic degradation. Based on the test results, it can be inferred that Mn²⁺ doping leads to an increase in the concentration of oxygen vacancies on the surface of W₁₈O₄₉ by inducing defect engineering, thereby enhancing its photocatalytic activity.