Influence of Gd content on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of electrodeposited Mn–Fe–Gd/Cu thin Films

Soft magnetic materials play a crucial role in various devices, making them indispensable in modern electrical engineering and electronics. In this work, Mn_0.1Fe_0.1Gd_x thin films were synthesized through an electrodeposition method, with the Gd concentration systematically varied to study its effect on the films properties. As the Gd content increased, the magnetic properties of the films were enhanced, particularly in terms of their low coercivity, making them highly suitable for soft magnetic applications. Surface morphology analysis showed cauliflower-like agglomerates, which grew larger as the Gd content increased. The optical properties were also influenced by the Gd content, as demonstrated by strong absorption in the visible region, making these films potentially useful for applications requiring both magnetic and optical functionalities. The XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline structure of the films, while EDX analysis validated the elemental composition and uniform distribution of Gd within the films.