Synthesis and characterization of BaCuTiO₃–CoTiO₃ nanoparticle composite for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications

The growing demand for clean and sustainable power sources in modern wireless devices has led to the increasing popularity of Piezoelectric Nanogenerators as affordable and easily constructed solutions for battery-free electronics. In this study, nanoparticles play a crucial role in developing autonomous devices. Piezoelectric materials, known as “smart” materials, effectively convert mechanical pressure into electrical signals, making them ideal for low-power devices that utilize vibrations, motion, or mechanical loads. Compared to other transducers, piezoelectric transduction offers high power densities, scalability, and simple designs. This article demonstrates methods for creating flexible, high-performance piezoelectric energy harvesters using sustainable BaCuTiO₃ and CoTiO₃ nanocomposites. The nanostructured CoTiO₃ and BaCuTiO₃ composites are synthesized using a low-temperature modified hydrothermal approach. Various analyses, including X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirm the structural properties of the nanoparticles. Optical properties and morphology are studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy, while Cyclic Voltammetry measurements are used to assess the electrical properties. Piezoelectric modeling and multiple circuit designs are explored to optimize energy utilization. Overall, piezoelectric nano-devices show significant potential for portable electronics due to their small size, ease of fabrication, flexibility, and environmental friendliness.