Conductivity, dielectric, and modulus formalism in Li₂O modified PbO·Bi₂O₃·B₂O₃ glasses

Electrical properties of lithium-modified lead bismuth borate glasses with composition xLi₂O·20PbO·(25-x)Bi₂O₃·55B₂O₃ have been investigated in both the temperature range of 473 K to 573 K and the frequency varying from 10^–1 Hz to 10⁵ Hz. To estimate parameters like crossover frequency (ω_H), frequency exponent (s), and dc conductivity (σ_dc) experimental data of ac conductivity was fitted to the Almond-West universal power law. The glass composition 25Li₂O·20PbO·55B₂O₃ exhibits the highest conductivity, approximately 1.71 × 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹ at 573 K. Some theoretical models have been considered when analyzing the experimental results. Study on electric modulus supports the claim that conduction mechanisms depend on composition and are temperature-independent. Studies on the dielectric and modulus properties indicated non-Debye type behavior. As the concentration of Li₂O increases, there is an observed rise in space charge polarization and a decrease in impedance. The electrical behavior of the samples has been studied using the Nyquist plot fitted with two R-CPE model circuits. The estimated activation energy based on conductivity (1.214–0.873 eV), electric modulus (1.253–0.81 eV), and impedance (1.247–0.87 eV) analyses are in good agreement.