Sm³⁺-substituted NiZnCd nanoferrites: synthesis, magnetic interactions, and DC electrical resistivity characteristics

The sol–gel auto-combustion method was used to prepared ₅Zn_0.4Cd_0.1Fe_2-xSm_xO₄ (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) doped with rare earth Sm³⁺. To adjust the structural, DC electrical resistivity, and magnetic characteristics of the spinel ferrites, rare earth Sm³⁺ was doped. As a result, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), two-probe technique, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively, researchers investigated the systematic impact of Sm³⁺ on the structural, morphological, DC resistivity, and magnetic studies. The synthesized materials' ability to form a single-phase nanostructure was confirmed by XRD investigation. Images captured by field effect scanning electron microscopy show that all samples exhibit spherical nanocrystalline activity. Spinel formation was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). NiZnCd ferrite's magnetic properties are examined to Sm³⁺ doping using vivid sample magnetometry spectra. Coercivity values and saturation magnetization decrease due to the increased Sm³⁺ doping. Data on saturation magnetization, coercivity, and remanence magnetization were obtained from the Sm³⁺ doping of NiZnCd micro ferrites. These results suggest that the device may find use in magnetic recording and memory applications. A two-probe approach is used to measure the DC electrical resistivity, which reveals the semiconducting nature. The carrier concentration and activation energy were found using data on DC electrical resistivity and were subsequently linked to Sm³⁺ replacement. The DC electrical resistivity testing of the prepared ferrite samples was conducted using a standard two-probe method.