Optimized preparation and performances of semi-embedded periodic Ag grid/F-doped SnO₂ transparent electrodes and heaters based on laser direct writing

Semi-embedded periodic Ag grids were combined with FTO/glass substrates based on laser direct writing to prepare transparent electrodes (TEs). The laser etching parameters (scanning velocity and energy density), grid shape, and unit-grid circumcircle radius were systematically optimized. The optimal scanning velocity and energy density for obtaining ideal laser-etched grooves were determined to be 10 mm/s and 1.6 J/cm², respectively. The hexagonal Ag grid/FTO TE using the 1.00-mm unit-grid circumcircle radius prepared from the optimal laser etching parameters showed significantly decreased sheet resistance and slightly lowered light transmittance as compared to the FTO/glass substrate. This TE was employed for fabricating a transparent heater (TH), which could reach a steady-state temperature of 137.7 °C within 60 s at a voltage of 4.0 V and maintain good heating and cycling stability in 10 continuous switch heating/cooling cycles under different voltages (0.8–4.0 V). The application prospect of the TH was demonstrated by a de-icing experiment. Introducing semi-embedded periodic Ag grids with a suitable grid shape and unit-grid circumcircle radius can contribute to a great improvement in electrical conductivity of the substrate and, thus, its comprehensive performance, providing a great inspiration for optimized preparation of high-performance TEs.