Dye degradation in planetary ball mill using BaBi₄Ti₄O₁₅

This study utilizes planetary ball milling for the piezocatalysis process. BaBi₄Ti₄O₁₅ (BBT) catalyst powder is synthesized with the help of the solid-state method wherein it is calcinated for four hours at 950 °C. Comprehensive characterization through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM), Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and bandgap analysis confirmed the successful catalyst synthesis. The BBT catalyst exhibits a remarkable 46% degradation efficiency within 60 min, utilizing a 10 ppm Methylene blue (MB) model dye. Moreover, a parametric study was conducted analyzing variables such as catalyst loading (c), rpm of the ball mill (r), number of balls (b) used for the catalysis, and initial concentration (i_c) of the MB dye. The results suggested that the amount of catalyst is the most influencing variable, whereas rotational speed is the least influencing variable. The order of the influence is k(c) > k(b) > k(i_c) > k(r).