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<p>A dual-modification approach was developed to tailor the bulk crystal structure and surface/interface characteristics of LiFePO<sub>4</sub> cathodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. This approach was based on the idea that intrinsic constraints in lithium-ion transport and electrical conductivity frequently cannot be overcome by single-component modifications. A carbon–fluorine–titanium (C/F/Ti) hybrid surface modification was introduced together with W/B co-doping to modify both bulk and interfacial properties. W-containing species were associated with improved electronic transport characteristics, whereas boron incorporation was supported by enhanced structural stability of the polyanion framework. It is suggested that the Ti/F-containing surface layer provides a modified interfacial region that could protect the electrode surface and help Li<sup>+</sup> transit. With a capacity retention of 91.12% after 300 cycles at 0.5&#xa0;C, the optimized sample (BW@CFT) produced a discharge capacity of 165.40&#xa0;mAh&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.2&#xa0;C and 115.05&#xa0;mAh&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> at 5&#xa0;C. The charge-transfer resistance was significantly lower (165.82&#xa0;Ω) than the reference sample, according to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These findings suggest that the combined bulk-surface modification approach can successfully enhance structural stability and electrochemical kinetics. A possible approach to develop high-rate LiFePO<sub>4</sub> cathodes is provided by the suggested hybrid design.</p>

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Combined W/B co-doping and hybrid surface modification for advanced LiFePO4 cathodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Ugur Caglayan,
  • Emeka E. Oguzie,
  • Fei Wang

摘要

A dual-modification approach was developed to tailor the bulk crystal structure and surface/interface characteristics of LiFePO4 cathodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. This approach was based on the idea that intrinsic constraints in lithium-ion transport and electrical conductivity frequently cannot be overcome by single-component modifications. A carbon–fluorine–titanium (C/F/Ti) hybrid surface modification was introduced together with W/B co-doping to modify both bulk and interfacial properties. W-containing species were associated with improved electronic transport characteristics, whereas boron incorporation was supported by enhanced structural stability of the polyanion framework. It is suggested that the Ti/F-containing surface layer provides a modified interfacial region that could protect the electrode surface and help Li+ transit. With a capacity retention of 91.12% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C, the optimized sample (BW@CFT) produced a discharge capacity of 165.40 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 115.05 mAh g−1 at 5 C. The charge-transfer resistance was significantly lower (165.82 Ω) than the reference sample, according to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These findings suggest that the combined bulk-surface modification approach can successfully enhance structural stability and electrochemical kinetics. A possible approach to develop high-rate LiFePO4 cathodes is provided by the suggested hybrid design.