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<p>Electrothermal cooling technology represents a novel solid-state refrigeration method based on the electrocaloric effect (ECE), offering significant advantages such as environmental friendliness, high efficiency, ease of integration, and miniaturization. In this study, a synergistic strategy of co-doping and two-step sintering procedure was utilized in lead-free Ba<sub>0.92</sub>Sr<sub>0.08</sub>Hf<sub>0.08</sub>Ti<sub>0.92</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (BSHT) electrocaloric (EC) ceramics. The co-doping of Sr<sup>2+</sup> and Hf<sup>4+</sup> at the A and B sites, respectively, was verified to induce relaxor ferroelectric behavior, thereby broadening the operational temperature range of the EC ceramics. Meanwhile, the facile two-step sintering process effectively tailors the grain microstructure, leading to the enhanced electrical breakdown (<i>E</i><sub>b</sub>) strength and consequently optimized EC response. The results indicate that the synergistic effect of co-doping and two-step sintering process effectively suppresses grain growth. Ceramics sintered under the specific conditions of T1 = 1500&#xa0;°C, T2 = 1440&#xa0;°C, and a dwelling time of 5&#xa0;h exhibited the most superior overall electrocaloric. Under an applied electric field of 50&#xa0;kV/cm, the maximum temperature change (Δ<i>T</i><sub>max</sub>) of the ceramics sintered under the two-step sintering conditions of T1 = 1500&#xa0;°C, T2 = 1440&#xa0;°C reached 1.3&#xa0;K, which represented an enhancement of 30% compared to the conventionally sintered samples. Besides, the <i>E</i><sub>b</sub> of the optimized ceramics was 2.7 times as high as that of the normal sintered ones. This synergistic strategy, integrating doping and processing optimization, offers a viable approach for developing ceramic materials with superior EC performance.</p>

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Boosting electrocaloric performance in BaTiO3-based lead-free ferroelectric ceramics through a synergistic strategy of co-doping and two-step sintering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Li-Qian Cheng,
  • Qingna Li,
  • Jiaxin Liu,
  • Pengcheng Wang,
  • Zhiping Wang,
  • Yuqi Jiang

摘要

Electrothermal cooling technology represents a novel solid-state refrigeration method based on the electrocaloric effect (ECE), offering significant advantages such as environmental friendliness, high efficiency, ease of integration, and miniaturization. In this study, a synergistic strategy of co-doping and two-step sintering procedure was utilized in lead-free Ba0.92Sr0.08Hf0.08Ti0.92O3 (BSHT) electrocaloric (EC) ceramics. The co-doping of Sr2+ and Hf4+ at the A and B sites, respectively, was verified to induce relaxor ferroelectric behavior, thereby broadening the operational temperature range of the EC ceramics. Meanwhile, the facile two-step sintering process effectively tailors the grain microstructure, leading to the enhanced electrical breakdown (Eb) strength and consequently optimized EC response. The results indicate that the synergistic effect of co-doping and two-step sintering process effectively suppresses grain growth. Ceramics sintered under the specific conditions of T1 = 1500 °C, T2 = 1440 °C, and a dwelling time of 5 h exhibited the most superior overall electrocaloric. Under an applied electric field of 50 kV/cm, the maximum temperature change (ΔTmax) of the ceramics sintered under the two-step sintering conditions of T1 = 1500 °C, T2 = 1440 °C reached 1.3 K, which represented an enhancement of 30% compared to the conventionally sintered samples. Besides, the Eb of the optimized ceramics was 2.7 times as high as that of the normal sintered ones. This synergistic strategy, integrating doping and processing optimization, offers a viable approach for developing ceramic materials with superior EC performance.