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<p>Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have revolutionized photovoltaic research by combining outstanding optoelectronic properties with low-temperature and cost-effective fabrication routes. The rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), from below 4% to over 26% within a relatively short period, has positioned these materials among the most promising candidates for next-generation solar energy technologies. However, the long-term operational stability and reproducibility of perovskite devices remain major obstacles to commercialization, largely due to the complex interplay between materials processing, microstructural evolution, defect formation, and environmental degradation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the processing of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials and their impact on device performance and stability. The fundamental principles governing perovskite crystallization, phase formation, grain growth, and film morphology are first discussed, followed by a critical evaluation of solution-based and vapor-assisted deposition techniques, solvent engineering approaches, additive incorporation strategies, and scalable manufacturing methods. Attention is devoted to the role of processing-induced defects, grain boundaries, and interfacial phenomena in determining charge-carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance. The review further examines the intrinsic and extrinsic degradation mechanisms that limit device lifetime, including moisture, oxygen, thermal stress, illumination, ion migration, and interfacial reactions. Recent progress in compositional engineering, dimensionality modulation, defect passivation, interface optimization, and encapsulation technologies is critically assessed with respect to enhancing operational durability. Emerging strategies for achieving scalable production while maintaining material quality and long-term stability are also discussed. By establishing clear correlations between processing conditions, material characteristics, and degradation behavior, this review highlights key challenges and opportunities for the development of stable and commercially viable perovskite photovoltaic technologies. The insights presented are expected to guide future materials design and processing strategies aimed at accelerating the transition of perovskite solar cells from laboratory-scale demonstrations to large-scale energy applications.</p>

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Defect regulation through materials processing in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite photovoltaics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • A. M. Al-Syadi,
  • Ramzi Dhahri,
  • Hasan B. Albargi,
  • Elkenany Brens Elkenany

摘要

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have revolutionized photovoltaic research by combining outstanding optoelectronic properties with low-temperature and cost-effective fabrication routes. The rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), from below 4% to over 26% within a relatively short period, has positioned these materials among the most promising candidates for next-generation solar energy technologies. However, the long-term operational stability and reproducibility of perovskite devices remain major obstacles to commercialization, largely due to the complex interplay between materials processing, microstructural evolution, defect formation, and environmental degradation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the processing of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials and their impact on device performance and stability. The fundamental principles governing perovskite crystallization, phase formation, grain growth, and film morphology are first discussed, followed by a critical evaluation of solution-based and vapor-assisted deposition techniques, solvent engineering approaches, additive incorporation strategies, and scalable manufacturing methods. Attention is devoted to the role of processing-induced defects, grain boundaries, and interfacial phenomena in determining charge-carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance. The review further examines the intrinsic and extrinsic degradation mechanisms that limit device lifetime, including moisture, oxygen, thermal stress, illumination, ion migration, and interfacial reactions. Recent progress in compositional engineering, dimensionality modulation, defect passivation, interface optimization, and encapsulation technologies is critically assessed with respect to enhancing operational durability. Emerging strategies for achieving scalable production while maintaining material quality and long-term stability are also discussed. By establishing clear correlations between processing conditions, material characteristics, and degradation behavior, this review highlights key challenges and opportunities for the development of stable and commercially viable perovskite photovoltaic technologies. The insights presented are expected to guide future materials design and processing strategies aimed at accelerating the transition of perovskite solar cells from laboratory-scale demonstrations to large-scale energy applications.