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<p>Chalcogenide semiconductors represent a varied group of materials that include quantum dots, thin films, layered crystals, and bulk glasses, offering a versatile foundation for applications that span from nanoscale optoelectronics to integrated devices. This review examines recent progress in synthesis methods, such as colloidal, hydrothermal/solvothermal, vapor-phase, and bio-inspired green approaches, along with ligand and precursor engineering techniques used to modify the composition, defect chemistry, and interfacial properties across structures of zero, one, two, and three dimensions. We explore how controlling the structure impacts the bandgap, refractive index, dielectric response, and defect or phase-driven switching behavior, and how these characteristics influence switching speed, optical loss, and environmental stability. In the field of photonics, chalcogenides have facilitated the development of broadband and short-wave infrared photodetectors, integrated optical components, and phase-change elements that utilize a significant, nonvolatile refractive-index contrast for on-chip tuning. In memory technologies, electronic and photonic phase-change memories, selector devices, and neuromorphic architectures push conventional storage toward analog computing. Beyond the realm of information technologies, these materials are being investigated for applications in thermoelectrics, photocatalysis, environmental remediation, and biomedical diagnostics. There is a growing focus on developing low-toxicity processing methods and biocompatible formulations. The remaining challenges encompass long-term operational stability, wafer-scale integration, and reproducibility in multicomponent systems. Looking forward, advancements in AI-assisted discovery, high-throughput experimentation, and materials–device co-design are anticipated to facilitate further progress in this field. Overall, chalcogenides constitute a significant material platform for neuromorphic computing, quantum photonics, and multifunctional sustainable technologies.</p>

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Chalcogenide materials and architectures: fundamental advances from quantum dots to bulk systems and multifunctional technologies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月19日

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  • Mohsin Ganaie,
  • Mohammad Zulfequar

摘要

Chalcogenide semiconductors represent a varied group of materials that include quantum dots, thin films, layered crystals, and bulk glasses, offering a versatile foundation for applications that span from nanoscale optoelectronics to integrated devices. This review examines recent progress in synthesis methods, such as colloidal, hydrothermal/solvothermal, vapor-phase, and bio-inspired green approaches, along with ligand and precursor engineering techniques used to modify the composition, defect chemistry, and interfacial properties across structures of zero, one, two, and three dimensions. We explore how controlling the structure impacts the bandgap, refractive index, dielectric response, and defect or phase-driven switching behavior, and how these characteristics influence switching speed, optical loss, and environmental stability. In the field of photonics, chalcogenides have facilitated the development of broadband and short-wave infrared photodetectors, integrated optical components, and phase-change elements that utilize a significant, nonvolatile refractive-index contrast for on-chip tuning. In memory technologies, electronic and photonic phase-change memories, selector devices, and neuromorphic architectures push conventional storage toward analog computing. Beyond the realm of information technologies, these materials are being investigated for applications in thermoelectrics, photocatalysis, environmental remediation, and biomedical diagnostics. There is a growing focus on developing low-toxicity processing methods and biocompatible formulations. The remaining challenges encompass long-term operational stability, wafer-scale integration, and reproducibility in multicomponent systems. Looking forward, advancements in AI-assisted discovery, high-throughput experimentation, and materials–device co-design are anticipated to facilitate further progress in this field. Overall, chalcogenides constitute a significant material platform for neuromorphic computing, quantum photonics, and multifunctional sustainable technologies.