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<p>Neural tissue engineering requires advanced strategies to overcome the challenges of limited regeneration, complex microarchitecture, and dynamic signaling within the nervous system. 4D bioprinting, which incorporates time-dependent transformations and smart, stimuli-responsive biomaterials, has emerged as a promising platform for creating adaptive neural constructs. Among these materials, magnetic-responsive systems have gained considerable attention due to their ability to provide remote, noninvasive control over cellular microenvironments, scaffold architecture, and biochemical signaling. Magnetic nanoparticles and magnetically active hydrogels are integrated into 4D-printed scaffolds, enabling precise modulation of mechanical, electrical, and topographical cues essential for neural growth and functional recovery. This review explores the design principles of magnetic biomaterials in 4D bioprinting, their role in guiding neural differentiation, promoting axonal alignment, and enhancing synaptic connectivity, as well as their applications in peripheral nerve repair, spinal cord regeneration, and brain tissue modeling. Current limitations—such as nanoparticle cytotoxicity, long-term stability, and regulatory challenges—are critically discussed. Finally, future perspectives highlight the integration of magnetic 4D bioprinting with bioelectronics, nanomedicine, and personalized regenerative approaches, underscoring its transformative potential for next-generation neural tissue engineering.</p>

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Smart magnetic materials in 4D bioprinting: redefining neural tissue engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Doaa Abdelhameed,
  • Noura A. A. Ebrahim,
  • Hoda A. Ahmed,
  • Ayman M. Mostafa,
  • Ayman A. O. Younes,
  • Soliman M. A. Soliman

摘要

Neural tissue engineering requires advanced strategies to overcome the challenges of limited regeneration, complex microarchitecture, and dynamic signaling within the nervous system. 4D bioprinting, which incorporates time-dependent transformations and smart, stimuli-responsive biomaterials, has emerged as a promising platform for creating adaptive neural constructs. Among these materials, magnetic-responsive systems have gained considerable attention due to their ability to provide remote, noninvasive control over cellular microenvironments, scaffold architecture, and biochemical signaling. Magnetic nanoparticles and magnetically active hydrogels are integrated into 4D-printed scaffolds, enabling precise modulation of mechanical, electrical, and topographical cues essential for neural growth and functional recovery. This review explores the design principles of magnetic biomaterials in 4D bioprinting, their role in guiding neural differentiation, promoting axonal alignment, and enhancing synaptic connectivity, as well as their applications in peripheral nerve repair, spinal cord regeneration, and brain tissue modeling. Current limitations—such as nanoparticle cytotoxicity, long-term stability, and regulatory challenges—are critically discussed. Finally, future perspectives highlight the integration of magnetic 4D bioprinting with bioelectronics, nanomedicine, and personalized regenerative approaches, underscoring its transformative potential for next-generation neural tissue engineering.