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<p>As rail transport evolves toward higher load-bearing capacities and longer service lives, stainless steel has demonstrated significant potential for application due to its lightweight properties and high corrosion resistance; however, its inadequate resistance to fretting wear is emerging as a key issue limiting the safety of rail vehicle bodies. This study focuses on TSZ410 stainless steel, utilizing critical-zone quenching and tempering to regulate the ferrite/martensite phase ratio. Combining SEM, EBSD, hardness testing and fretting wear testing, the study systematically investigates the correlation mechanisms between microstructure, hardness and wear behavior. The results indicate that as the volume fraction of martensite increases, the material hardness rises from 212 to 312 HV<sub>0.2</sub>, while the wear rate exhibits a distinct U-shaped pattern with changes in martensite content, reaching a minimum at approximately 70% martensite. Due to insufficient interface confinement, specimens with low martensite content struggle to form stable heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) back stresses; irreversible plastic deformation continues to accumulate during cycling, leading to exacerbated adhesive wear and plastic flow. Although specimens with high martensite content exhibit higher hardness, their plastic coordination capacity is insufficient, and localized HDI stress concentrations induce interface cracking and fatigue spalling. In contrast, specimens with 70% martensite form a continuous martensitic skeleton with a dispersed ferritic structure, establishing a stable and uniform HDI stress field during cyclic fretting, which effectively suppresses strain localization and crack initiation. Simultaneously, this microstructure promotes the formation of a dense mechanical interlayer and an oxide debris layer, reducing direct interfacial contact and energy dissipation, thereby achieving optimal fretting wear resistance. This study reveals the intrinsic relationship between phase configuration, coordinated interface deformation behavior and the mechanism of fretting wear, providing a theoretical basis for the microstructural design of highly wear-resistant duplex stainless steels.</p>

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Heat treatment-driven microstructural gradient evolution and synergistic regulation of wear resistance in ferrite-martensite duplex stainless steel TSZ410

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Lin Cui,
  • Dianxiu Xia,
  • Peidun Chen,
  • Shouren Wang,
  • Ziqiang Yin,
  • Yanlan Sun,
  • Gang Zhao

摘要

As rail transport evolves toward higher load-bearing capacities and longer service lives, stainless steel has demonstrated significant potential for application due to its lightweight properties and high corrosion resistance; however, its inadequate resistance to fretting wear is emerging as a key issue limiting the safety of rail vehicle bodies. This study focuses on TSZ410 stainless steel, utilizing critical-zone quenching and tempering to regulate the ferrite/martensite phase ratio. Combining SEM, EBSD, hardness testing and fretting wear testing, the study systematically investigates the correlation mechanisms between microstructure, hardness and wear behavior. The results indicate that as the volume fraction of martensite increases, the material hardness rises from 212 to 312 HV0.2, while the wear rate exhibits a distinct U-shaped pattern with changes in martensite content, reaching a minimum at approximately 70% martensite. Due to insufficient interface confinement, specimens with low martensite content struggle to form stable heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) back stresses; irreversible plastic deformation continues to accumulate during cycling, leading to exacerbated adhesive wear and plastic flow. Although specimens with high martensite content exhibit higher hardness, their plastic coordination capacity is insufficient, and localized HDI stress concentrations induce interface cracking and fatigue spalling. In contrast, specimens with 70% martensite form a continuous martensitic skeleton with a dispersed ferritic structure, establishing a stable and uniform HDI stress field during cyclic fretting, which effectively suppresses strain localization and crack initiation. Simultaneously, this microstructure promotes the formation of a dense mechanical interlayer and an oxide debris layer, reducing direct interfacial contact and energy dissipation, thereby achieving optimal fretting wear resistance. This study reveals the intrinsic relationship between phase configuration, coordinated interface deformation behavior and the mechanism of fretting wear, providing a theoretical basis for the microstructural design of highly wear-resistant duplex stainless steels.