Review: perovskite-based light-emitting diodes from material fundamentals to device applications

Perovskite materials have revolutionized the field of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), offering unparalleled tunability, high color purity, and solution-processable fabrication that promises low-cost, next-generation optoelectronic devices. This review critically examines the latest advances in perovskite LED technology, encompassing crystal engineering, optoelectronic properties, and innovative synthesis strategies. We explore key challenges, including material stability, interface optimization, and device degradation, and highlight breakthrough approaches that have dramatically enhanced efficiency and operational lifetime. By connecting fundamental material insights with practical device applications, this review provides a roadmap for designing high-performance, stable perovskite LEDs and identifies emerging directions that could propel the field toward commercial realization.