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<p>Supercapacitors (SCs) are the high-capacity electrochemical devices for the next-generation energy storage systems owing to their exceptional power density, rapid charge–discharge rates, and very long lifetimes. SCs, particularly those with biomass-derived carbon electrodes, offer the best balance of yield, cost, and tunable porosity, in addition to being more environmentally friendly compared to other SCs electrode materials. Cost-effectiveness and environmental impact make biomass-derived carbons the most competitive electrode materials. Still, their overall performance is largely affected by the SCs electrolyte as well as the functionalization techniques used for energy density, stability, and capacitance. This paper aims to draft an interconnected by reviewing recent research focused on the synergy between material functionalization and electrolyte selection and their usage for SCs applications with biomass-derived carbons and their characterizations. We present an in-depth study of ionic, organic, and aqueous liquid electrolytes and how they affect electrochemical behavior with sophisticated surface changes, heteroatom doping, and pore engineering methods that improve ion transport and charge storage. This review provides a distinct perspective by systematically establishing the electrolyte surface pore structure synergy in biomass-derived carbon electrode, an aspect that remains fragmented in existing literature. Unlike conventional reviews that treat electrolyte selection and material design independently, this work integrates electrolyte chemistry with surface functionalization and pore architecture to elucidate their combined influence on ion transport, charge storage mechanisms, and device performance. By correlating electrolyte properties with structural and chemical features of biomass-derived carbons this review offers a unified framework for the rational design of high-performance supercapacitors. In conclusion, we address the key challenges, particularly the development of hybrid electrolytes, advanced characterization techniques, and scalable fabrication strategies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Electrolyte–surface synergy in biomass-derived carbon electrodes for supercapacitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • P. V. Subhanjaneyulu,
  • Santosh Kumar Sahu,
  • Chandan Kumar,
  • Mahesh P. Gotte,
  • P. S. Rama Sreekanth

摘要

Supercapacitors (SCs) are the high-capacity electrochemical devices for the next-generation energy storage systems owing to their exceptional power density, rapid charge–discharge rates, and very long lifetimes. SCs, particularly those with biomass-derived carbon electrodes, offer the best balance of yield, cost, and tunable porosity, in addition to being more environmentally friendly compared to other SCs electrode materials. Cost-effectiveness and environmental impact make biomass-derived carbons the most competitive electrode materials. Still, their overall performance is largely affected by the SCs electrolyte as well as the functionalization techniques used for energy density, stability, and capacitance. This paper aims to draft an interconnected by reviewing recent research focused on the synergy between material functionalization and electrolyte selection and their usage for SCs applications with biomass-derived carbons and their characterizations. We present an in-depth study of ionic, organic, and aqueous liquid electrolytes and how they affect electrochemical behavior with sophisticated surface changes, heteroatom doping, and pore engineering methods that improve ion transport and charge storage. This review provides a distinct perspective by systematically establishing the electrolyte surface pore structure synergy in biomass-derived carbon electrode, an aspect that remains fragmented in existing literature. Unlike conventional reviews that treat electrolyte selection and material design independently, this work integrates electrolyte chemistry with surface functionalization and pore architecture to elucidate their combined influence on ion transport, charge storage mechanisms, and device performance. By correlating electrolyte properties with structural and chemical features of biomass-derived carbons this review offers a unified framework for the rational design of high-performance supercapacitors. In conclusion, we address the key challenges, particularly the development of hybrid electrolytes, advanced characterization techniques, and scalable fabrication strategies.

Graphical abstract