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<p>Annealing heat treatment is a crucial post-processing route for tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of components fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). In this work, 316L-TiC/316L-316L multilayered heterogeneous structures were prepared using SLM and subsequently annealed at different temperatures (700&#xa0;°C, 900&#xa0;°C, 1100&#xa0;°C) to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on the interfacial structure between layers, the precipitation behavior of in situ nano-sized TiC, and the strength–ductility balance. The results indicated that annealing effectively promoted the diffusion of Ti atoms, relieved interfacial residual stress, and formed a transition layer, thereby optimizing interfacial bonding. Furthermore, annealing significantly promoted the solid-state precipitation and coarsening and evolution of nano-TiC in the TiC/316L layer. Annealing promoted the transformation of columnar grains to equiaxed grains in the 316L layers, while the grain structure in the TiC/316L layer remained stable due to pinning effects. As the annealing temperature increased from 700 to 1100&#xa0;°C, the yield strength of the material decreased from 554.26 to 461.69&#xa0;MPa, while the elongation increased from 41.25 to 62.24%. Furthermore, after annealing at 1100&#xa0;°C, the elongation of the 316L-TiC/316L-316L structure was nearly 30% higher than that of pure 316L, and approximately 25% higher than that of the unannealed 316L-TiC/316L-316L structure, achieving an excellent strength–ductility synergy. This study elucidated the underlying mechanisms by which annealing governed the properties of SLM-fabricated multilayered heterogeneous structures, providing a theoretical basis for their industrial application in automotive lightweight components.</p>

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Effect of annealing on microstructural evolution, nano-TiC in situ precipitation, and mechanical properties of TiC/316L multilayer heterostructures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Haolin Ma,
  • Xiaohong Zhu

摘要

Annealing heat treatment is a crucial post-processing route for tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of components fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). In this work, 316L-TiC/316L-316L multilayered heterogeneous structures were prepared using SLM and subsequently annealed at different temperatures (700 °C, 900 °C, 1100 °C) to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on the interfacial structure between layers, the precipitation behavior of in situ nano-sized TiC, and the strength–ductility balance. The results indicated that annealing effectively promoted the diffusion of Ti atoms, relieved interfacial residual stress, and formed a transition layer, thereby optimizing interfacial bonding. Furthermore, annealing significantly promoted the solid-state precipitation and coarsening and evolution of nano-TiC in the TiC/316L layer. Annealing promoted the transformation of columnar grains to equiaxed grains in the 316L layers, while the grain structure in the TiC/316L layer remained stable due to pinning effects. As the annealing temperature increased from 700 to 1100 °C, the yield strength of the material decreased from 554.26 to 461.69 MPa, while the elongation increased from 41.25 to 62.24%. Furthermore, after annealing at 1100 °C, the elongation of the 316L-TiC/316L-316L structure was nearly 30% higher than that of pure 316L, and approximately 25% higher than that of the unannealed 316L-TiC/316L-316L structure, achieving an excellent strength–ductility synergy. This study elucidated the underlying mechanisms by which annealing governed the properties of SLM-fabricated multilayered heterogeneous structures, providing a theoretical basis for their industrial application in automotive lightweight components.