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<p>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens, owing to their tunable physicochemical properties and multi-target mechanisms of action. This paper provides an overview of recent research in AgNPs, including synthesis, mechanisms and applications. Firstly, the various physical, chemical and biological methods are assessed with regard to the formation of AgNPs. The antimicrobial actions of AgNPs are described more clearly from the physical, chemical, and biological perspectives.&#xa0;From a physical view, AgNPs are able to stick to and destroy a microbial cell membrane through a combination of both size and charge. From a chemical view, AgNPs are able to exert antibacterial activity by virtue of an ionic Ag⁺ release and also a generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) species. From a biological view, AgNPs are able to disrupt some intracellulare constituent including proteins, enzymes, DNA and signaling pathways and in the process cause destruction of cell metabolism and replications and also abolish the cell virulence. Thirdly, the representative applications of AgNPs are biomedicine, food packaging, environmental purification, textiles and cosmetics. The review is concluded with the AgNPs applied in all these various areas and a discussion of the current limitation and the challenges. Overall, this review aims to give a comprehensive approach to the formulation of AgNPs and also the practical applications of AgNPs.</p>

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Review: Silver nanoparticles for antibacterial applications—synthesis advances and antibacterial mechanisms from physical, chemical, and biological perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Hui Li,
  • Jiatian Gao,
  • Hengyi Xu

摘要

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens, owing to their tunable physicochemical properties and multi-target mechanisms of action. This paper provides an overview of recent research in AgNPs, including synthesis, mechanisms and applications. Firstly, the various physical, chemical and biological methods are assessed with regard to the formation of AgNPs. The antimicrobial actions of AgNPs are described more clearly from the physical, chemical, and biological perspectives. From a physical view, AgNPs are able to stick to and destroy a microbial cell membrane through a combination of both size and charge. From a chemical view, AgNPs are able to exert antibacterial activity by virtue of an ionic Ag⁺ release and also a generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) species. From a biological view, AgNPs are able to disrupt some intracellulare constituent including proteins, enzymes, DNA and signaling pathways and in the process cause destruction of cell metabolism and replications and also abolish the cell virulence. Thirdly, the representative applications of AgNPs are biomedicine, food packaging, environmental purification, textiles and cosmetics. The review is concluded with the AgNPs applied in all these various areas and a discussion of the current limitation and the challenges. Overall, this review aims to give a comprehensive approach to the formulation of AgNPs and also the practical applications of AgNPs.