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<p>Asphalt pavement exhibits complex, nonlinear combustion and emission behaviours attributed to its complicatedly compositional structure and exposure to diversified environmental factors. Previous reviews neglect the fire characteristics of asphalt during service, especially without considering ageing influence and fire transient prediction. This review summarizes the main behaviours and mechanisms of combustion, emissions, flame retardants, ageing, external conditions, and artificial intelligence (AI) applications for asphalt during service comprehensively. The main conclusions include: (1) Asphalt undergoes one-stage pyrolysis and three-stage combustion with inorganic, non-oxygenated and oxygenated organic emissions. The reaction temperatures and pollutants’ molecular weights follow: saturates &lt; aromatics &lt; resins &lt; asphaltenes. (2) Flame retardants reduce heat release and emitted pollutants via various mechanisms of thermal dilution and cooling, char formation, and free radical quenching. (3) Thermal-oxidative ageing decreases aromatics but increases resins/asphaltenes. Hydrothermal ageing causes earlier, higher heat/smoke release owing to boilover effect. (4) A decrease in oxygen concentration shifts the combustion temperature range towards higher values with oxygenated pollutants declined. (5) Integrating AI into asphalt fire transient prediction presents prominent potential for increasing fire safety. Key research gaps include the limited understanding of ageing-coupled combustion mechanisms, insufficient emission characterization of toxic byproducts, and lack of standardized databases for AI modelling. Future efforts could prioritize multifunctional flame retardants, standardized ageing protocols, and hybrid data-physics AI methodologies for effective fire prevention.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Review: Behaviours and mechanisms of flame-retardant asphalt combustion during service

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Hongda Lin,
  • Kai Zhu,
  • Ke Wu,
  • Zhirong Liang,
  • Dong Ye,
  • Tianhang Zhang,
  • Wuyi Wan

摘要

Asphalt pavement exhibits complex, nonlinear combustion and emission behaviours attributed to its complicatedly compositional structure and exposure to diversified environmental factors. Previous reviews neglect the fire characteristics of asphalt during service, especially without considering ageing influence and fire transient prediction. This review summarizes the main behaviours and mechanisms of combustion, emissions, flame retardants, ageing, external conditions, and artificial intelligence (AI) applications for asphalt during service comprehensively. The main conclusions include: (1) Asphalt undergoes one-stage pyrolysis and three-stage combustion with inorganic, non-oxygenated and oxygenated organic emissions. The reaction temperatures and pollutants’ molecular weights follow: saturates < aromatics < resins < asphaltenes. (2) Flame retardants reduce heat release and emitted pollutants via various mechanisms of thermal dilution and cooling, char formation, and free radical quenching. (3) Thermal-oxidative ageing decreases aromatics but increases resins/asphaltenes. Hydrothermal ageing causes earlier, higher heat/smoke release owing to boilover effect. (4) A decrease in oxygen concentration shifts the combustion temperature range towards higher values with oxygenated pollutants declined. (5) Integrating AI into asphalt fire transient prediction presents prominent potential for increasing fire safety. Key research gaps include the limited understanding of ageing-coupled combustion mechanisms, insufficient emission characterization of toxic byproducts, and lack of standardized databases for AI modelling. Future efforts could prioritize multifunctional flame retardants, standardized ageing protocols, and hybrid data-physics AI methodologies for effective fire prevention.

Graphical abstract