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<p>Titanium-doped tungsten trioxide (Ti–WO<sub>3</sub>) thin films were successfully fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using a simple and scalable anodic electrodeposition technique. The effect of Ti incorporation on the structural, optical, electrochromic, and photo-electrochromic properties of WO<sub>3</sub> was systematically investigated. XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of all Ti–WO<sub>3</sub> films, attributed to Ti<sup>4+</sup> substitution and rapid thermal annealing, while FTIR and XPS analyses verified the successful incorporation of Ti and the presence of oxygen vacancies. Electrochemical studies revealed enhanced ion diffusion, reduced charge-transfer resistance, and improved switching kinetics with Ti doping. Notably, the optimized Ti–WO<sub>3</sub> (TW<sub>2</sub>) film exhibited a high coloration efficiency of 117.66&#xa0;cm<sup>2</sup> C<sup>−1</sup> under ambient conditions, which further increased to 144.23&#xa0;cm<sup>2</sup> C<sup>−1</sup> under UV–Vis–IR illumination, demonstrating strong photo-electrochromic synergy. Rapid coloration (0.85&#xa0;s) and bleaching (1.18&#xa0;s) response times, along with excellent cycling stability (~ 87% retention over 5000 cycles), highlight the robustness of the films. The combined electrochromic and photo-electrochromic behavior, enabled by light-assisted charge carrier generation, positions anodically deposited Ti–WO<sub>3</sub> thin films as promising candidates for next-generation smart windows and adaptive optoelectronic devices.</p>

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Light-enhanced electrochromic performance of anodically deposited Ti-doped WO3 thin films for smart window applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月3日

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  • B. K. Mandlekar,
  • Amar L. Jadhav,
  • Sharad L. Jadhav,
  • Anamika V. Kadam

摘要

Titanium-doped tungsten trioxide (Ti–WO3) thin films were successfully fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using a simple and scalable anodic electrodeposition technique. The effect of Ti incorporation on the structural, optical, electrochromic, and photo-electrochromic properties of WO3 was systematically investigated. XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of all Ti–WO3 films, attributed to Ti4+ substitution and rapid thermal annealing, while FTIR and XPS analyses verified the successful incorporation of Ti and the presence of oxygen vacancies. Electrochemical studies revealed enhanced ion diffusion, reduced charge-transfer resistance, and improved switching kinetics with Ti doping. Notably, the optimized Ti–WO3 (TW2) film exhibited a high coloration efficiency of 117.66 cm2 C−1 under ambient conditions, which further increased to 144.23 cm2 C−1 under UV–Vis–IR illumination, demonstrating strong photo-electrochromic synergy. Rapid coloration (0.85 s) and bleaching (1.18 s) response times, along with excellent cycling stability (~ 87% retention over 5000 cycles), highlight the robustness of the films. The combined electrochromic and photo-electrochromic behavior, enabled by light-assisted charge carrier generation, positions anodically deposited Ti–WO3 thin films as promising candidates for next-generation smart windows and adaptive optoelectronic devices.