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<p>Titanium–copper (Ti–Cu) alloys are a class of Ti-based materials in which Cu serves as the core alloying element. While retaining the excellent properties of Ti, the incorporation of Cu enables further modulation of the alloy’s comprehensive performance, endowing it with a combination of high mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, antibacterial properties, and flame retardancy, thereby offering broad application prospects. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress on Ti–Cu alloys, with a focus on the phase transformation behavior in the Ti–rich region governed by Cu content (in the range of 1–17&#xa0;wt%) and cooling rate. On this basis, the effects of fabrication processes (including conventional casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and semi-solid forming) and post-treatment methods (such as heat treatment and extrusion) on microstructural regulation are discussed, followed by a brief analysis of the associated trends in property evolution. Furthermore, in view of the advantageous properties, two major functional application directions of Ti–Cu alloys are summarized. In addition, existing controversies and limitations in current research are identified, and potential directions for future exploration are proposed. This review aims to systematically organize and critically analyze the existing research on Ti–Cu alloys, providing guidance for further elucidating their phase transformation mechanisms, optimizing fabrication processes, exploring novel fabrication strategies, and advancing the engineering application of their functional properties, thereby facilitating the development of this alloy system.</p>

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Recent advances in Ti–Cu alloys: microstructural evolution, fabrication, and applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月19日

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  • Yuanmao Shi,
  • Depeng Shen,
  • Fangxing Wu,
  • Yu Zhang,
  • Xiaoning Pei,
  • Xianjun Sun,
  • Guoqiang Liu

摘要

Titanium–copper (Ti–Cu) alloys are a class of Ti-based materials in which Cu serves as the core alloying element. While retaining the excellent properties of Ti, the incorporation of Cu enables further modulation of the alloy’s comprehensive performance, endowing it with a combination of high mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, antibacterial properties, and flame retardancy, thereby offering broad application prospects. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress on Ti–Cu alloys, with a focus on the phase transformation behavior in the Ti–rich region governed by Cu content (in the range of 1–17 wt%) and cooling rate. On this basis, the effects of fabrication processes (including conventional casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and semi-solid forming) and post-treatment methods (such as heat treatment and extrusion) on microstructural regulation are discussed, followed by a brief analysis of the associated trends in property evolution. Furthermore, in view of the advantageous properties, two major functional application directions of Ti–Cu alloys are summarized. In addition, existing controversies and limitations in current research are identified, and potential directions for future exploration are proposed. This review aims to systematically organize and critically analyze the existing research on Ti–Cu alloys, providing guidance for further elucidating their phase transformation mechanisms, optimizing fabrication processes, exploring novel fabrication strategies, and advancing the engineering application of their functional properties, thereby facilitating the development of this alloy system.