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<p>This study presents the results of investigations on the influence of raw material type and synthesis method of cadmium yellow on the electrokinetic potential of pigment particles and the sedimentation stability of the resulting dispersions in various chemical environments. Pigments were synthesized from cadmium salts (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate) using sodium sulfide or elemental sulfur as sulfur sources. Two synthesis routes were applied: (1) precipitation of the pigment from solution, followed by filtration, drying at 60&#xa0;°C, and calcination at 600&#xa0;°C in acidic and alkaline media; and (2) direct reaction of cadmium carbonate with sulfur at 600&#xa0;°C. The materials were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The zeta potential of the particles was measured at different pH values, and dispersion stability was evaluated by turbidimetric analysis (Turbiscan). The obtained pigments were mixtures of compounds, with cadmium sulfide (CdS) being the predominant component. The chemical composition depended on the synthesis route and the calcination process. A correlation was found between the electrokinetic potential, sedimentation stability, and chemical composition of the pigments. Calcination significantly affected surface properties, while the presence of chloride, sulfite, sulfate, and carbonate species modified the electrokinetic potential. Acidic environments were found to enhance the sedimentation stability of cadmium-based pigments. The findings highlight the importance of synthesis conditions for the surface chemistry, electrokinetic behavior, and sedimentation stability of cadmium-based pigments in aqueous systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Role of precursor type and thermal treatment in shaping the surface and colloidal properties of cadmium yellow pigments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Magdalena Tworek,
  • Edwin Makarewicz,
  • Magdalena Osial,
  • Joanna Kowalik,
  • Magdalena Warczak

摘要

This study presents the results of investigations on the influence of raw material type and synthesis method of cadmium yellow on the electrokinetic potential of pigment particles and the sedimentation stability of the resulting dispersions in various chemical environments. Pigments were synthesized from cadmium salts (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate) using sodium sulfide or elemental sulfur as sulfur sources. Two synthesis routes were applied: (1) precipitation of the pigment from solution, followed by filtration, drying at 60 °C, and calcination at 600 °C in acidic and alkaline media; and (2) direct reaction of cadmium carbonate with sulfur at 600 °C. The materials were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The zeta potential of the particles was measured at different pH values, and dispersion stability was evaluated by turbidimetric analysis (Turbiscan). The obtained pigments were mixtures of compounds, with cadmium sulfide (CdS) being the predominant component. The chemical composition depended on the synthesis route and the calcination process. A correlation was found between the electrokinetic potential, sedimentation stability, and chemical composition of the pigments. Calcination significantly affected surface properties, while the presence of chloride, sulfite, sulfate, and carbonate species modified the electrokinetic potential. Acidic environments were found to enhance the sedimentation stability of cadmium-based pigments. The findings highlight the importance of synthesis conditions for the surface chemistry, electrokinetic behavior, and sedimentation stability of cadmium-based pigments in aqueous systems.

Graphical abstract