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<p>Enhancing the catalytic efficiency of counter electrodes (CEs) remains an important challenge in improving the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this study, a cost-effective graphite-modified sulfur (S)-decorated TiO<sub>2</sub> (G–TS) nanocomposite was synthesized via a simple and scalable process to enhance triiodide (I<sub>3</sub>⁻) reduction kinetics. The aim of this work is to improve the electrocatalytic activity of graphite-based CEs through surface modification using S-decorated TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. Structural and electrochemical characterization confirmed that sulfur incorporation into TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles effectively modified the surface states, generating oxygen vacancies and Ti–S bonds that increased the number of electroactive sites. Quantitatively, the G–TS CE achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.75%, which was 2.5 times higher than a bare TiO<sub>2</sub> CE (1.88%) and slightly higher than a Pt CE (4.45%) under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW·cm⁻<sup>2</sup>). Electrochemical measurements further demonstrated improved charge-transfer kinetics and enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared with bare TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pt electrodes. The improved photovoltaic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects between the conductive sp<sup>2</sup>-carbon framework and S-induced defect sites on TiO<sub>2</sub>. These findings demonstrate that the G–TS composite provides an effective and low-cost strategy for developing high-performance CEs for DSSC applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Graphite counter electrodes modified with sulfur-decorated TiO2 nanoparticles for efficient triiodide reduction in a dye-sensitized solar cell

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Nattakan Kanjana,
  • Tirapat Wechprasit,
  • Nuchjarin Sangwong,
  • Poramed Wongjom,
  • Yingyot Infahsaeng,
  • Wasan Maiaugree

摘要

Enhancing the catalytic efficiency of counter electrodes (CEs) remains an important challenge in improving the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this study, a cost-effective graphite-modified sulfur (S)-decorated TiO2 (G–TS) nanocomposite was synthesized via a simple and scalable process to enhance triiodide (I3⁻) reduction kinetics. The aim of this work is to improve the electrocatalytic activity of graphite-based CEs through surface modification using S-decorated TiO2 nanoparticles. Structural and electrochemical characterization confirmed that sulfur incorporation into TiO2 nanoparticles effectively modified the surface states, generating oxygen vacancies and Ti–S bonds that increased the number of electroactive sites. Quantitatively, the G–TS CE achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.75%, which was 2.5 times higher than a bare TiO2 CE (1.88%) and slightly higher than a Pt CE (4.45%) under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW·cm⁻2). Electrochemical measurements further demonstrated improved charge-transfer kinetics and enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared with bare TiO2 and Pt electrodes. The improved photovoltaic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects between the conductive sp2-carbon framework and S-induced defect sites on TiO2. These findings demonstrate that the G–TS composite provides an effective and low-cost strategy for developing high-performance CEs for DSSC applications.

Graphical abstract