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<p>The development of microwave-absorbing materials is vital for next-generation electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and stealth technologies. However, achieving high absorption performance and wide bandwidth with a thin layer remains a challenge. In this study, nickel ferrite (NF), barium titanate (BTO), and reduced graphene&#xa0;oxide&#xa0;(rGO) form ternary NF/BTO/rGO nanocomposites with varying NF and rGO contents were synthesized and systematically investigated to assess their microwave absorption performance. The phase purity and crystalline structure of the samples were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Rietveld refinement of the structural parameters validated the presence of well-defined crystalline phases. The structural integrity was further corroborated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, which revealed distinct vibrational modes associated with lattice dynamics. High-resolution FESEM and elemental mapping analysis exhibited the nanostructured morphology of NF and BTO, along with a uniform distribution of these nanoparticles and rGO within the epoxy resin matrix. Magnetic measurements revealed the soft magnetic nature of NF, with a low coercivity of 400&#xa0;Oe and a high saturation magnetization of 40&#xa0;emu/g. For electromagnetic characterization, a rectangular bar-shaped samples (22.86×10.18 mm<sup>2</sup>) of the synthesized nanocomposites were fabricated for X-band measurement. The complex permittivity and permeability of the samples were measured in the X-band using a vector network analyser (VNA). Based on these parameters, the reflection loss and impedance matching characteristics were calculated. Among the samples, one nanocomposite effectively addressed the challenge of thin-layer absorption, achieving a minimum reflection loss of −43.2&#xa0;dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4&#xa0;GHz at just 2.2&#xa0;mm thickness. These experimental observations were further validated by CST microwave studio simulations, which showed strong consistency with the measured results. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NF/BTO/rGO nanocomposites possess significant potential as thin, wideband, and lightweight absorbers for EMI shielding and stealth technologies.</p> Graphical abstract

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Multiphase electromagnetic characterization and full-wave simulation of nickel ferrite/barium titanate/rGO ternary nanocomposites for broadband microwave attenuation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月12日

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  • Riyaz,
  • Mohammad Shahnawaz,
  • M. Abushad,
  • M. J. Akhtar,
  • Azizurrahaman Ansari,
  • Shahid Husain,
  • Wasi Khan

摘要

The development of microwave-absorbing materials is vital for next-generation electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and stealth technologies. However, achieving high absorption performance and wide bandwidth with a thin layer remains a challenge. In this study, nickel ferrite (NF), barium titanate (BTO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) form ternary NF/BTO/rGO nanocomposites with varying NF and rGO contents were synthesized and systematically investigated to assess their microwave absorption performance. The phase purity and crystalline structure of the samples were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Rietveld refinement of the structural parameters validated the presence of well-defined crystalline phases. The structural integrity was further corroborated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, which revealed distinct vibrational modes associated with lattice dynamics. High-resolution FESEM and elemental mapping analysis exhibited the nanostructured morphology of NF and BTO, along with a uniform distribution of these nanoparticles and rGO within the epoxy resin matrix. Magnetic measurements revealed the soft magnetic nature of NF, with a low coercivity of 400 Oe and a high saturation magnetization of 40 emu/g. For electromagnetic characterization, a rectangular bar-shaped samples (22.86×10.18 mm2) of the synthesized nanocomposites were fabricated for X-band measurement. The complex permittivity and permeability of the samples were measured in the X-band using a vector network analyser (VNA). Based on these parameters, the reflection loss and impedance matching characteristics were calculated. Among the samples, one nanocomposite effectively addressed the challenge of thin-layer absorption, achieving a minimum reflection loss of −43.2 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4 GHz at just 2.2 mm thickness. These experimental observations were further validated by CST microwave studio simulations, which showed strong consistency with the measured results. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NF/BTO/rGO nanocomposites possess significant potential as thin, wideband, and lightweight absorbers for EMI shielding and stealth technologies.

Graphical abstract