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<p>Silicon-based materials have garnered significant attention as promising anode candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacity, low operating voltage, and abundant natural resources. However, the practical application of silicon anodes is severely hindered by their excessive volume expansion (&gt; 300%) during charge/discharge cycles, leading to electrode pulverization. In recent years, the volume expansion of silicon anodes can be effectively alleviated through nanostructured design and carbon-based composite methods. In this work, silicon nanotubes synthesized via low-temperature aluminothermic reduction of natural halloysite served as the substrate. Core–shell structured silicon/carbon composites were successfully fabricated through liquid-phase coating and thermal treatment using sucrose, glucose, phenolic resin, soluble starch, and pitch as carbon sources. Experiments confirm that amorphous pyrolytic carbon derived from sucrose pyrolysis uniformly coats the silicon nanotubes, enhancing both structural stability and electrical conductivity of the composite material. The existence of the carbon layer effectively buffers the volume expansion of silicon during the charge and discharge process and prevents the structural rupture and pulverization of silicon nanotubes, thereby improving cycle stability and rate performance. When used as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the sucrose-derived carbon-coated silicon nanotubes composite exhibited the optimal electrochemical performance. It delivered a high initial discharge capacity of 2321.4 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> and an initial coulombic efficiency of 82.3% at a current density of 0.2 A g<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, it retained a reversible capacity of 1488.4 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> after 500 cycles, corresponding to a capacity retention rate of 64.1%. This work provides valuable insights into the selection of carbon sources for preparing high-performance silicon/carbon composites, offering a promising pathway to accelerate the commercialization of silicon-based anode materials.</p>

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The influence of carbon sources on the structural and electrochemical performance of silicon–carbon composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Jianqiang Niu,
  • Ding Shen,
  • Zhaoqi Ren,
  • Ran Zhang,
  • Dong Xia,
  • Youzhi Yang,
  • Wei Dong,
  • Shaobin Yang

摘要

Silicon-based materials have garnered significant attention as promising anode candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacity, low operating voltage, and abundant natural resources. However, the practical application of silicon anodes is severely hindered by their excessive volume expansion (> 300%) during charge/discharge cycles, leading to electrode pulverization. In recent years, the volume expansion of silicon anodes can be effectively alleviated through nanostructured design and carbon-based composite methods. In this work, silicon nanotubes synthesized via low-temperature aluminothermic reduction of natural halloysite served as the substrate. Core–shell structured silicon/carbon composites were successfully fabricated through liquid-phase coating and thermal treatment using sucrose, glucose, phenolic resin, soluble starch, and pitch as carbon sources. Experiments confirm that amorphous pyrolytic carbon derived from sucrose pyrolysis uniformly coats the silicon nanotubes, enhancing both structural stability and electrical conductivity of the composite material. The existence of the carbon layer effectively buffers the volume expansion of silicon during the charge and discharge process and prevents the structural rupture and pulverization of silicon nanotubes, thereby improving cycle stability and rate performance. When used as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the sucrose-derived carbon-coated silicon nanotubes composite exhibited the optimal electrochemical performance. It delivered a high initial discharge capacity of 2321.4 mAh g−1 and an initial coulombic efficiency of 82.3% at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. Furthermore, it retained a reversible capacity of 1488.4 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, corresponding to a capacity retention rate of 64.1%. This work provides valuable insights into the selection of carbon sources for preparing high-performance silicon/carbon composites, offering a promising pathway to accelerate the commercialization of silicon-based anode materials.