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<p>Mg-Zn-Ca alloys are promising candidates for biodegradable orthopedic implants due to their favorable biocompatibility and mechanical compatibility with bone. However, rapid degradation limits their clinical applicability. This study investigates the influence of Erbium (Er) additions (2, 5, and 8 wt%) on the microstructure, mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, and cytocompatibility of Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Ca alloys synthesized via vacuum induction casting. XRD and SEM–EDS analyses revealed the formation of Mg6Zn3Ca2 and W-phase, with 2 wt% Er promoting fine grain structure and homogeneously distributed intermetallics. These microstructural features contributed to enhanced tensile strength (216&#xa0;MPa), lower corrosion rate (0.591&#xa0;mm/year), and the most stable degradation behavior in simulated body fluid (SBF). In vitro tests using MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts demonstrated superior cytocompatibility for the 2% Er alloy, with 95% and 89% cell viability at 75% and 100% confluency, respectively. The improved biological response was attributed to uniform ionic release, stable surface pH, and hydroxyapatite formation. In contrast, higher Er contents led to intermetallic coarsening and agglomeration, negatively impacting corrosion resistance and cell viability. Overall, 2 wt% Er addition was found to be optimal for balancing mechanical integrity, lower corrosion rate, and biocompatibility, establishing its potential for next-generation biodegradable implant materials.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Microstructure evolution and performance optimization of Mg-Zn-Ca-Er alloys: effects of rare earth Er content on mechanical, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月14日

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  • Divyanshu Aggarwal,
  • Rajesh Kumari Rajendran,
  • Vamsi Krishna Pakki,
  • Sachin Latiyan,
  • Kaushik Chatterjee,
  • Cosmin Gruescu,
  • Satyam Suwas,
  • Rajashekhara Shabadi

摘要

Mg-Zn-Ca alloys are promising candidates for biodegradable orthopedic implants due to their favorable biocompatibility and mechanical compatibility with bone. However, rapid degradation limits their clinical applicability. This study investigates the influence of Erbium (Er) additions (2, 5, and 8 wt%) on the microstructure, mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, and cytocompatibility of Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Ca alloys synthesized via vacuum induction casting. XRD and SEM–EDS analyses revealed the formation of Mg6Zn3Ca2 and W-phase, with 2 wt% Er promoting fine grain structure and homogeneously distributed intermetallics. These microstructural features contributed to enhanced tensile strength (216 MPa), lower corrosion rate (0.591 mm/year), and the most stable degradation behavior in simulated body fluid (SBF). In vitro tests using MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts demonstrated superior cytocompatibility for the 2% Er alloy, with 95% and 89% cell viability at 75% and 100% confluency, respectively. The improved biological response was attributed to uniform ionic release, stable surface pH, and hydroxyapatite formation. In contrast, higher Er contents led to intermetallic coarsening and agglomeration, negatively impacting corrosion resistance and cell viability. Overall, 2 wt% Er addition was found to be optimal for balancing mechanical integrity, lower corrosion rate, and biocompatibility, establishing its potential for next-generation biodegradable implant materials.

Graphical abstract