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<p>Photocatalytic water splitting under solar irradiation is a promising route to sustainable hydrogen production. Layered double hydroxide (LDH)&#xa0;based semiconductors are gaining attention due to their tunable layered structures and high surface area, which provide abundant active sites for enhanced light absorption and photo-redox reactions. This review summarizes the fundamental mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting and examines the key kinetic factors influencing its efficiency, offering critical insights for designing high-performance photocatalysts. It further describes LDH structural features and modification strategies, including doping, heterojunction construction, calcination, and bimetallic systems. Doping narrows the band gap and broadens solar absorption, while heterojunctions reduce&#xa0;the charge recombination. Calcination enables control of crystallinity and structure, enhancing optoelectronic properties that are accountable for higher photocatalytic kinetics. Bimetallic LDHs offer synergistic effects that boost photoactivity. Hence, each strategy markedly impacts the photocatalytic efficiency to split water for achieving more hydrogen. Additionally, this review demonstrates that how theoretical investigation of the electronic structure for the LDH-based catalysts play a key role in developing optimized photocatalytic se-ups for improved water splitting. Moreover, it offers a deeper insight to the stability and scalability of the LDH catalysts for photo-induced water splitting. This review aims to guide the researchers in developing efficient LDH-based photocatalysts to achieve higher hydrogen yields for meeting current industrial energy demands.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Recent modifications of layered double hydroxides for enhanced photocatalytic water splitting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月9日

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  • Muhammad Tallal,
  • Tehmeena Ishaq,
  • Syeda Laraib,
  • Rabia Naeem,
  • Rida Fatima,
  • Aiman Shahbaz

摘要

Photocatalytic water splitting under solar irradiation is a promising route to sustainable hydrogen production. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) based semiconductors are gaining attention due to their tunable layered structures and high surface area, which provide abundant active sites for enhanced light absorption and photo-redox reactions. This review summarizes the fundamental mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting and examines the key kinetic factors influencing its efficiency, offering critical insights for designing high-performance photocatalysts. It further describes LDH structural features and modification strategies, including doping, heterojunction construction, calcination, and bimetallic systems. Doping narrows the band gap and broadens solar absorption, while heterojunctions reduce the charge recombination. Calcination enables control of crystallinity and structure, enhancing optoelectronic properties that are accountable for higher photocatalytic kinetics. Bimetallic LDHs offer synergistic effects that boost photoactivity. Hence, each strategy markedly impacts the photocatalytic efficiency to split water for achieving more hydrogen. Additionally, this review demonstrates that how theoretical investigation of the electronic structure for the LDH-based catalysts play a key role in developing optimized photocatalytic se-ups for improved water splitting. Moreover, it offers a deeper insight to the stability and scalability of the LDH catalysts for photo-induced water splitting. This review aims to guide the researchers in developing efficient LDH-based photocatalysts to achieve higher hydrogen yields for meeting current industrial energy demands.

Graphical Abstract