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<p>The growing demand for advanced glass materials has intensified research into multifunctional glass systems capable of meeting structural, optical, and radiation shielding requirements. This study synthesized a novel series of borate–lead–lithium–sodium–iron (BPbLiNaFe) glasses and evaluated their structural integrity, mechanical behavior, optical properties, and gamma-ray attenuation performance. The base composition of 40B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–15Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>–15Li<sub>2</sub>O–15Na<sub>2</sub>O–15Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (mol%) was progressively modified by increasing the Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> content in 5&#xa0;mol% increments, replacing equivalent molar amounts of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>O, and Li<sub>2</sub>O. Structural analysis via density, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the Pb<sup>2+</sup> incorporation enhanced packing density and shifted the balance between bridging and nonbridging oxygens, indicating network depolymerization and structural transformation. Mechanically, increased Pb<sup>2+</sup> content resulted in lower values of elastic moduli and hardness due to a weakened expansion force constant, balancing structural compactness and reduced mechanical strength. Optically, all glasses exhibited complete ultraviolet (UV) absorption. Fe<sup>3+</sup>-rich glasses showed strong absorption across the visible light region due to <i>d</i>–<i>d</i> electronic transitions, whereas the Fe<sup>3+</sup>-depleted glasses demonstrated improved transparency. The optical band gap values (1.102–1.600&#xa0;eV) indicate semiconducting behavior, whereas the observed nonlinear refractive indices support potential applications in photonic and optoelectronic devices. In terms of radiation protection, the gamma-ray shielding performance improved significantly with increased Pb<sup>2+</sup> content. At 60&#xa0;mol% Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, the linear attenuation coefficients increased by 91.2%, 67.7%, and 65.6% at photon energies of 661.64, 1173.23, and 1332.51&#xa0;keV, respectively. These results confirm that the BPbLiNaFe glass system offers a well-balanced combination of structural tunability, semiconducting properties, nonlinear optical behavior, and enhanced gamma-ray attenuation, making it a promising candidate for applications in advanced optoelectronics and radiation shielding technologies.</p>

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Tuning borate glass with Fe3+, Pb2+, Na+, and Li+ ions: exploring structural, mechanical, optical, and gamma-ray shielding properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Dalal Abdullah Aloraini,
  • W. A. Abu‑raia,
  • Aly Saeed

摘要

The growing demand for advanced glass materials has intensified research into multifunctional glass systems capable of meeting structural, optical, and radiation shielding requirements. This study synthesized a novel series of borate–lead–lithium–sodium–iron (BPbLiNaFe) glasses and evaluated their structural integrity, mechanical behavior, optical properties, and gamma-ray attenuation performance. The base composition of 40B2O3–15Pb3O4–15Li2O–15Na2O–15Fe3O4 (mol%) was progressively modified by increasing the Pb3O4 content in 5 mol% increments, replacing equivalent molar amounts of Fe3O4, Na2O, and Li2O. Structural analysis via density, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the Pb2+ incorporation enhanced packing density and shifted the balance between bridging and nonbridging oxygens, indicating network depolymerization and structural transformation. Mechanically, increased Pb2+ content resulted in lower values of elastic moduli and hardness due to a weakened expansion force constant, balancing structural compactness and reduced mechanical strength. Optically, all glasses exhibited complete ultraviolet (UV) absorption. Fe3+-rich glasses showed strong absorption across the visible light region due to d–d electronic transitions, whereas the Fe3+-depleted glasses demonstrated improved transparency. The optical band gap values (1.102–1.600 eV) indicate semiconducting behavior, whereas the observed nonlinear refractive indices support potential applications in photonic and optoelectronic devices. In terms of radiation protection, the gamma-ray shielding performance improved significantly with increased Pb2+ content. At 60 mol% Pb3O4, the linear attenuation coefficients increased by 91.2%, 67.7%, and 65.6% at photon energies of 661.64, 1173.23, and 1332.51 keV, respectively. These results confirm that the BPbLiNaFe glass system offers a well-balanced combination of structural tunability, semiconducting properties, nonlinear optical behavior, and enhanced gamma-ray attenuation, making it a promising candidate for applications in advanced optoelectronics and radiation shielding technologies.