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<p>This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (Ag, Au, Ni, CuS, ZnO, ITO, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) to enhance homeotropic alignment (HA) and electro-optical (EO) properties of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs). Compared to traditional polyimide (PI) based alignment technologies, NPs assisted technology provides a layer free and scalable pathway to obtain uniform HA with decreased complexity in processing. The novelty of this review lies in its systematic attempt to correlate NPs type, size, concentration and surface chemistry with alignment behavior and EO parameters including threshold voltage (V<sub>th</sub>), operating voltage (V<sub>op</sub>), contrast ratio (CR), dielectric anisotropy (Δε) and response time. The reported studies illustrate the reductions of up to 68% in V<sub>th</sub>, 40% in V<sub>op</sub>, and improvement of over 50% in response times, underscoring the superior efficiency of NPs doped systems. Furthermore, Au and TiO<sub>2</sub> bring about improved optical uniformity and UV stability respectively, whereas ZnO and BaTiO<sub>3</sub> allow defect free HA at ultralow concentrations. As a result, this review concludes that NPs doping is not only useful in enhancing the efficiency and stability of liquid crystal (LC) devices but also introducing the LC technology into high-tech displays, flexible photonics, smart windows and energy efficient optical devices.</p>

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Review: Conventional layer free homeotropic alignment and enhanced electro-optic properties of liquid crystals using metal and metal oxide nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月16日

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  • Chinky,
  • Pankaj Kumar

摘要

This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (Ag, Au, Ni, CuS, ZnO, ITO, TiO2, and BaTiO3) to enhance homeotropic alignment (HA) and electro-optical (EO) properties of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs). Compared to traditional polyimide (PI) based alignment technologies, NPs assisted technology provides a layer free and scalable pathway to obtain uniform HA with decreased complexity in processing. The novelty of this review lies in its systematic attempt to correlate NPs type, size, concentration and surface chemistry with alignment behavior and EO parameters including threshold voltage (Vth), operating voltage (Vop), contrast ratio (CR), dielectric anisotropy (Δε) and response time. The reported studies illustrate the reductions of up to 68% in Vth, 40% in Vop, and improvement of over 50% in response times, underscoring the superior efficiency of NPs doped systems. Furthermore, Au and TiO2 bring about improved optical uniformity and UV stability respectively, whereas ZnO and BaTiO3 allow defect free HA at ultralow concentrations. As a result, this review concludes that NPs doping is not only useful in enhancing the efficiency and stability of liquid crystal (LC) devices but also introducing the LC technology into high-tech displays, flexible photonics, smart windows and energy efficient optical devices.