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<p>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) exhibit considerable potential as alternatives to lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage applications, owing to abundant sodium reserves and low cost. However, metal sulfide anodes are plagued by challenges such as high ion diffusion energy barriers and significant volume expansion during cycling, which impede their performance improvement. In this study, a defect engineering strategy was employed to in-situ construct partially selenium-substituted SnS<sub>2-x</sub>Seₓ nanosheet arrays on conductive carbon cloth (denoted as SnS<sub>2-x</sub>Se<sub>x</sub>@CC). Specifically, selenium ions (Se<sup>2</sup>⁻) replace a portion of sulfur ions (S<sup>2</sup>⁻), effectively expanding the interlayer spacing of SnS₂ to facilitate Na⁺ intercalation/deintercalation, while introducing lattice defects to catalyze the rapid nucleation of products from conversion-alloying reactions. The carbon cloth substrate not only provides a continuous conductive network but also buffers volume expansion. Moreover, the heterogeneous interfaces formed within the material further accelerate ion and electron transport, synergistically optimizing electrochemical kinetics. Performance tests demonstrate that SnS<sub>2-x</sub>Se<sub>x</sub>@CC-6:1, with a S/Se molar ratio of 6:1, exhibits optimal performance: at a current density of 0.1&#xa0;A&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>, it delivers a specific capacity of 856.6&#xa0;mAh&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> after 100 cycles and retains 545.5&#xa0;mAh&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> even after 500 cycles. Its charge transfer resistance is as low as 290&#xa0;Ω, and the Na⁺ diffusion coefficient is enhanced by one order of magnitude compared to undoped SnS<sub>2</sub>@CC. XRD and TEM characterizations confirm the expanded interlayer spacing and the presence of lattice defects, validating the mechanism by which structural optimization enhances performance. This strategy provides novel insights for the design of high-performance metal sulfide anodes, and the as-prepared material exhibits substantial application potential in high-capacity, long-cycling-stability SIBs as well as large-scale energy storage systems.</p>

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Defect engineering in selenium-doped SnS₂@carbon fiber composites for boosting the performance of high-performance sodium-ion batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月4日

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  • Handi Xu,
  • Bo Dou,
  • Hui Li,
  • Zhen Liu,
  • Meili Qi,
  • Biao Tang,
  • Pan Jiaqi

摘要

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) exhibit considerable potential as alternatives to lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage applications, owing to abundant sodium reserves and low cost. However, metal sulfide anodes are plagued by challenges such as high ion diffusion energy barriers and significant volume expansion during cycling, which impede their performance improvement. In this study, a defect engineering strategy was employed to in-situ construct partially selenium-substituted SnS2-xSeₓ nanosheet arrays on conductive carbon cloth (denoted as SnS2-xSex@CC). Specifically, selenium ions (Se2⁻) replace a portion of sulfur ions (S2⁻), effectively expanding the interlayer spacing of SnS₂ to facilitate Na⁺ intercalation/deintercalation, while introducing lattice defects to catalyze the rapid nucleation of products from conversion-alloying reactions. The carbon cloth substrate not only provides a continuous conductive network but also buffers volume expansion. Moreover, the heterogeneous interfaces formed within the material further accelerate ion and electron transport, synergistically optimizing electrochemical kinetics. Performance tests demonstrate that SnS2-xSex@CC-6:1, with a S/Se molar ratio of 6:1, exhibits optimal performance: at a current density of 0.1 A g⁻1, it delivers a specific capacity of 856.6 mAh g⁻1 after 100 cycles and retains 545.5 mAh g⁻1 even after 500 cycles. Its charge transfer resistance is as low as 290 Ω, and the Na⁺ diffusion coefficient is enhanced by one order of magnitude compared to undoped SnS2@CC. XRD and TEM characterizations confirm the expanded interlayer spacing and the presence of lattice defects, validating the mechanism by which structural optimization enhances performance. This strategy provides novel insights for the design of high-performance metal sulfide anodes, and the as-prepared material exhibits substantial application potential in high-capacity, long-cycling-stability SIBs as well as large-scale energy storage systems.