<p>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), owing to the abundance and low cost of sodium resources. However, the performance of SIBs still lags behind LIBs in terms of energy density, cycling stability, and overall efficiency. Graphene, a single-atom-thick carbon allotrope, has garnered significant attention for its exceptional properties, such as high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and large surface area. These attributes make graphene a suitable material for enhancing the performance of cathodes in SIBs. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the recent advancements in graphene-based cathodes for SIBs, with a focus on graphene’s role in improving electrochemical performance, structural stability, and long-term cycling performance. We explore various synthesis methods for graphene and its composites, highlighting the challenges faced in scaling production for industrial applications. Additionally, the review discusses the mechanisms by which graphene enhances sodium-ion diffusion and capacity retention. We also outline future research directions, particularly in overcoming the current limitations and exploring the broader applications of graphene in energy storage technologies. This work serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and engineers working in the field of sodium-ion batteries and related energy storage systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>