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<p>To address the high cost and scarcity of traditional platinum (Pt) counter electrodes, this study designed a novel non-Pt counter electrode material: nitrogen-doped hollow mesoporous carbon sphere (NCS)-loaded SnS<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub> heterojunctions (SnS<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub>/NCSs). By optimizing the mass ratio of Sn/S precursors to NCSs, the morphology of the composite was tailored. Comprehensive characterization via XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy revealed that SnS<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (10–20&#xa0;nm) were uniformly distributed within the internal/external walls and cavities of the NCSs via mesoporous confinement, forming a 3D conductive network. Nitrogen doping (I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> = 1.12) endowed the carbon matrix with abundant active sites, while the band alignment of the SnS<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub> heterojunction significantly enhanced catalytic activity. Electrochemical tests demonstrated a charge transfer resistance (R<sub>ct</sub> = 22.25 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup>) close to Pt (15.78 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup>), with reduced low-frequency diffusion impedance. When integrated into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the SnS<sub>2</sub>@SnO<sub>2</sub>/NCSs-based device achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.32% (J<sub>sc</sub> = 17.23&#xa0;mA·cm⁻<sup>2</sup>, V<sub>oc</sub> = 737.46&#xa0;mV, FF = 0.57), representing a 36% improvement over the pure heterojunction (5.38%) and approaching Pt-based devices (8.39%). This work provides a cost-effective strategy for developing high-performance non-Pt counter electrodes.</p>

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SnS2@SnO2 heterojunctions encapsulated in N-doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres as high-efficiency counter electrodes for DSSCs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月13日

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  • Siyuan Li,
  • Liyun Li,
  • Xu Liu,
  • Yanlai Wang,
  • Ligang Wang

摘要

To address the high cost and scarcity of traditional platinum (Pt) counter electrodes, this study designed a novel non-Pt counter electrode material: nitrogen-doped hollow mesoporous carbon sphere (NCS)-loaded SnS2@SnO2 heterojunctions (SnS2@SnO2/NCSs). By optimizing the mass ratio of Sn/S precursors to NCSs, the morphology of the composite was tailored. Comprehensive characterization via XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy revealed that SnS2@SnO2 nanoparticles (10–20 nm) were uniformly distributed within the internal/external walls and cavities of the NCSs via mesoporous confinement, forming a 3D conductive network. Nitrogen doping (ID/IG = 1.12) endowed the carbon matrix with abundant active sites, while the band alignment of the SnS2@SnO2 heterojunction significantly enhanced catalytic activity. Electrochemical tests demonstrated a charge transfer resistance (Rct = 22.25 Ω·cm2) close to Pt (15.78 Ω·cm2), with reduced low-frequency diffusion impedance. When integrated into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the SnS2@SnO2/NCSs-based device achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.32% (Jsc = 17.23 mA·cm⁻2, Voc = 737.46 mV, FF = 0.57), representing a 36% improvement over the pure heterojunction (5.38%) and approaching Pt-based devices (8.39%). This work provides a cost-effective strategy for developing high-performance non-Pt counter electrodes.