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<p>This paper explores the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure the porosity of ordinary cement pastes, nanoparticle-modified pastes, and mortars. With proper calibration, EIS effectively monitors changes in microstructure and porosity through Nyquist spectrum analysis. Because EIS is easy to use, relatively accurate, non-destructive, and fast, it has proven to be a suitable tool for testing and comparing large sets of samples. In this study, we tested various equivalent circuit models that showed consistent conductive path measurements but used different nomenclatures. Archie’s law accurately predicted porosity when its index was calibrated using a time-dependent logarithmic function. The general effective media (GEM) model also fit EIS resistance data but required multiple calibrations during hydration. Significant porosity changes were observed in both ordinary and nanoparticle-modified samples over 12 months. Nano-<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11225_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="34" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\hbox {SiO}_{{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> increased electrical resistance by 65% and decreased porosity by 3.1% in 1-month-old samples. Mortar samples containing aggregates had up to 82% higher resistance and similar porosity trends compared to pastes. In contrast, nano-<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11225_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\hbox {Al}_2 \hbox {O}_3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> reduced electrical resistance by 5%, increasing porosity by 1.8%, indicating potential durability concerns.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Determining the porosity of nanoparticle-modified cementitious materials using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月12日

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  • Jiří Němeček,
  • Jana Ulčová,
  • Vojtěch Hybášek,
  • Vojtěch Pommer,
  • Milan Kouřil,
  • Jiří Němeček

摘要

This paper explores the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure the porosity of ordinary cement pastes, nanoparticle-modified pastes, and mortars. With proper calibration, EIS effectively monitors changes in microstructure and porosity through Nyquist spectrum analysis. Because EIS is easy to use, relatively accurate, non-destructive, and fast, it has proven to be a suitable tool for testing and comparing large sets of samples. In this study, we tested various equivalent circuit models that showed consistent conductive path measurements but used different nomenclatures. Archie’s law accurately predicted porosity when its index was calibrated using a time-dependent logarithmic function. The general effective media (GEM) model also fit EIS resistance data but required multiple calibrations during hydration. Significant porosity changes were observed in both ordinary and nanoparticle-modified samples over 12 months. Nano- \(\hbox {SiO}_{{2}}\) SiO 2 increased electrical resistance by 65% and decreased porosity by 3.1% in 1-month-old samples. Mortar samples containing aggregates had up to 82% higher resistance and similar porosity trends compared to pastes. In contrast, nano- \(\hbox {Al}_2 \hbox {O}_3\) Al 2 O 3 reduced electrical resistance by 5%, increasing porosity by 1.8%, indicating potential durability concerns.

Graphical abstract