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<p>The cost-effective fabrication of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics faces significant challenges, particularly the laborious fabrication processes involving prolonged preparation stages, high-temperature treatments, and unpredictable sintering outcomes. An in situ experimental study using synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SR-CT) was conducted on the microwave flash sintering process of the barium titanate (BTO)–strontium titanate (STO) binary ceramic system. This investigation aimed to uncover mechanisms that could control the sintering process and reduce costs in multiphase ceramics. The results demonstrate distinctive interaction mechanisms governing the microwave sintering behavior of the binary ceramics system. In the experiments, it was observed that, compared to monophase ceramic regions, the Ba-Sr regions underwent intense evolution within 150&#xa0;ms, suggesting that the hybrid regions are more prone to reaction under microwave heating. Furthermore, the microstructure of the sample particles, particularly the spatial orientation of the BTO-STO particles, significantly affects the heating evolution process. Specifically, particles closer to the vertical direction exhibited higher surface electric field intensity during microwave heating. This field-focusing effect accelerated the evolution of these particles. The ceramic particles with the maximum orientation angle (3.39°) reached a surface electric field intensity of 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup>&#xa0;V/m, which was approximately 1.5 times higher than that of particles with the minimum orientation angle. An increase in the orientation angle of the BTO particles accelerates the sintering process, which can ultimately make the sintering outcomes heterogeneous. These findings provide theoretical support for the interaction mechanisms in microwave flash sintering of multicomponent ceramics.</p>

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In situ SR-CT for BaTiO3–SrTiO3 binary dielectric ceramic systems with microwave flash sintering and 4D investigation of the process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • Yilin Lu,
  • Yu Xiao,
  • Yuan Ren,
  • Xiao Wang,
  • Liangyuan Wang,
  • Xiaofang Hu,
  • Feng Xu

摘要

The cost-effective fabrication of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics faces significant challenges, particularly the laborious fabrication processes involving prolonged preparation stages, high-temperature treatments, and unpredictable sintering outcomes. An in situ experimental study using synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SR-CT) was conducted on the microwave flash sintering process of the barium titanate (BTO)–strontium titanate (STO) binary ceramic system. This investigation aimed to uncover mechanisms that could control the sintering process and reduce costs in multiphase ceramics. The results demonstrate distinctive interaction mechanisms governing the microwave sintering behavior of the binary ceramics system. In the experiments, it was observed that, compared to monophase ceramic regions, the Ba-Sr regions underwent intense evolution within 150 ms, suggesting that the hybrid regions are more prone to reaction under microwave heating. Furthermore, the microstructure of the sample particles, particularly the spatial orientation of the BTO-STO particles, significantly affects the heating evolution process. Specifically, particles closer to the vertical direction exhibited higher surface electric field intensity during microwave heating. This field-focusing effect accelerated the evolution of these particles. The ceramic particles with the maximum orientation angle (3.39°) reached a surface electric field intensity of 1.2 × 105 V/m, which was approximately 1.5 times higher than that of particles with the minimum orientation angle. An increase in the orientation angle of the BTO particles accelerates the sintering process, which can ultimately make the sintering outcomes heterogeneous. These findings provide theoretical support for the interaction mechanisms in microwave flash sintering of multicomponent ceramics.