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<p>In this investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) microspheres incorporating varying concentrations of iron (Fe) dopants were synthesized and employed as functional materials for gas sensing applications. The influence of Fe incorporation into the ZnO lattice on the crystalline architecture, morphological features, optical characteristics and gas sensing capabilities was systematically examined through advanced characterization methodologies. The experimental findings demonstrated that Fe doping not only modulated the crystallite dimensions and band gap energy of pristine ZnO microspheres but also induced the formation of substantial zinc vacancies and oxygen defects. Gas sensing evaluations indicated a pronounced enhancement in performance with Fe doping, wherein the sensor fabricated with 3&#xa0;mol% Fe-doped ZnO (FZO3) exhibited superior characteristics compared to other configurations. Specifically, the FZO3 sensor demonstrated an optimal response of 64.8 with a response time of 6&#xa0;s towards 100&#xa0;ppm n-butanol at 280&#xa0;°C. The augmented sensing performance, relative to undoped ZnO, is principally ascribed to the proliferation of donor-related defects, generation of reactive oxygen species, and modifications in the lattice and electronic band structures. This study substantiates that the synthesized FZO3 represents an efficient sensing material, demonstrating considerable potential for real-time and durable n-butanol detection applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Iron-doped zinc oxide microspheres gas sensor with highly-improved sensing performance for n-butanol

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Chengbo Zhai,
  • Guixia Pan

摘要

In this investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) microspheres incorporating varying concentrations of iron (Fe) dopants were synthesized and employed as functional materials for gas sensing applications. The influence of Fe incorporation into the ZnO lattice on the crystalline architecture, morphological features, optical characteristics and gas sensing capabilities was systematically examined through advanced characterization methodologies. The experimental findings demonstrated that Fe doping not only modulated the crystallite dimensions and band gap energy of pristine ZnO microspheres but also induced the formation of substantial zinc vacancies and oxygen defects. Gas sensing evaluations indicated a pronounced enhancement in performance with Fe doping, wherein the sensor fabricated with 3 mol% Fe-doped ZnO (FZO3) exhibited superior characteristics compared to other configurations. Specifically, the FZO3 sensor demonstrated an optimal response of 64.8 with a response time of 6 s towards 100 ppm n-butanol at 280 °C. The augmented sensing performance, relative to undoped ZnO, is principally ascribed to the proliferation of donor-related defects, generation of reactive oxygen species, and modifications in the lattice and electronic band structures. This study substantiates that the synthesized FZO3 represents an efficient sensing material, demonstrating considerable potential for real-time and durable n-butanol detection applications.

Graphical abstract