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<p>Hard carbon materials are currently the mainstream anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The utilization of readily synthesizable polymers as precursors may facilitate the attainment of a reliable supply of hard carbon materials. The uniform doping of nitrogen and good structural stability endow poly-m-phenylenediamine with the potential to serve as a hard carbon precursor for sodium-ion batteries. In our work, poly-m-phenylenediamine (PmPD) was synthesized by a simple chemical oxidative polymerization and pyrolysis at high temperature to obtain hard carbon (PmPD-C). This hard carbon material exhibits a uniform spherical morphology, with wide carbon layers and abundant defects, characterized by micropores (pore size 0.4–1.0&#xa0;nm) and closed pores, which are conducive to the storage of sodium ions. This material provides a high specific capacity and excellent rate performance in sodium-ion batteries (326&#xa0;mAh&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> at 50&#xa0;mA&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>) as well as impressive cycling stability (87.13% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 300&#xa0;mA&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>). In situ EIS and ex situ Raman tests were conducted to ascertain the electrochemical behavior and structural changes of PmPD-C during charge/discharge cycles. The results confirmed the reversibility and stability of the material and provided preliminary validation of the sodium storage mechanism of PmPD-C as adsorption–intercalation–pore filling.</p>

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Nitrogen-doped ultramicroporous carbon spheres as high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月9日

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  • Anqi Li,
  • Qiu Liang,
  • Na Chen,
  • Tingfei Yang,
  • Anrui Feng,
  • Zixiang Guo,
  • Yihan Li,
  • Xue Qin

摘要

Hard carbon materials are currently the mainstream anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The utilization of readily synthesizable polymers as precursors may facilitate the attainment of a reliable supply of hard carbon materials. The uniform doping of nitrogen and good structural stability endow poly-m-phenylenediamine with the potential to serve as a hard carbon precursor for sodium-ion batteries. In our work, poly-m-phenylenediamine (PmPD) was synthesized by a simple chemical oxidative polymerization and pyrolysis at high temperature to obtain hard carbon (PmPD-C). This hard carbon material exhibits a uniform spherical morphology, with wide carbon layers and abundant defects, characterized by micropores (pore size 0.4–1.0 nm) and closed pores, which are conducive to the storage of sodium ions. This material provides a high specific capacity and excellent rate performance in sodium-ion batteries (326 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1) as well as impressive cycling stability (87.13% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 300 mA g−1). In situ EIS and ex situ Raman tests were conducted to ascertain the electrochemical behavior and structural changes of PmPD-C during charge/discharge cycles. The results confirmed the reversibility and stability of the material and provided preliminary validation of the sodium storage mechanism of PmPD-C as adsorption–intercalation–pore filling.