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<p>Regarding aqueous lithium-ion batteries, LiTi<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (LTP) emerges as a promising candidate, distinguished by its substantial specific capacity and structural integrity. While the conventional precipitation methods predominantly employ Ti(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>O)<sub>4</sub> as the titanium source, its inherent deficiencies of hydrolysis, compromised storage stability, and considerable cost have significantly impeded widespread application. In order to solve these problems, this paper introduced Ti(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, a chemically stable inorganic material and crucial industrial intermediate in TiO<sub>2</sub> synthesis, as an economically viable and easily accessible source. Through the development of a novel inorganic precipitation method, this study obtained a homogeneous precursor by in-situ coating LiTi<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> anode with tannic acid and in-situ doping. The incorporation of Sn(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>)<sub>4</sub> through in-situ doping effectively addresses the intrinsic electronic conductivity constraints, with the successful integration of Sn conclusively demonstrated through XPS depth profiling analyses. The resultant Sn-doped LiTi<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/C exhibits refined particle size and enhanced electrochemical characteristics, showing excellent multiplicative cycle stability with a capacity retention of about 75.4% over 1000 cycles. Additionally, the investigation with density flooding theory facilitated the construction of an independent gradient model, indicating the role of Sn doping in enhancing the structural stability of LTP. The electronically constructed model significantly reduces the band gap to improve the electronic conductivity, providing a theoretical basis and some commercial prospects for the new aqueous lithium-ion battery anode.</p>

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Inorganic precipitation synthesis of Sn-doped LiTi2(PO4)3 as an anode material for high-performance aqueous lithium-ion batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月7日

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  • Xinyan Deng,
  • Yutong Wang,
  • Jian-An Chen,
  • Long Zhang,
  • Tiantian Cao,
  • Guoyong Huang

摘要

Regarding aqueous lithium-ion batteries, LiTi2(PO4)3 (LTP) emerges as a promising candidate, distinguished by its substantial specific capacity and structural integrity. While the conventional precipitation methods predominantly employ Ti(C4H9O)4 as the titanium source, its inherent deficiencies of hydrolysis, compromised storage stability, and considerable cost have significantly impeded widespread application. In order to solve these problems, this paper introduced Ti(SO4)2, a chemically stable inorganic material and crucial industrial intermediate in TiO2 synthesis, as an economically viable and easily accessible source. Through the development of a novel inorganic precipitation method, this study obtained a homogeneous precursor by in-situ coating LiTi2(PO4)3 anode with tannic acid and in-situ doping. The incorporation of Sn(C4H9)4 through in-situ doping effectively addresses the intrinsic electronic conductivity constraints, with the successful integration of Sn conclusively demonstrated through XPS depth profiling analyses. The resultant Sn-doped LiTi2(PO4)3/C exhibits refined particle size and enhanced electrochemical characteristics, showing excellent multiplicative cycle stability with a capacity retention of about 75.4% over 1000 cycles. Additionally, the investigation with density flooding theory facilitated the construction of an independent gradient model, indicating the role of Sn doping in enhancing the structural stability of LTP. The electronically constructed model significantly reduces the band gap to improve the electronic conductivity, providing a theoretical basis and some commercial prospects for the new aqueous lithium-ion battery anode.