Molecularly imprinted polypyrrole decorated Ti₃C₂T_x electrochemical sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of levofloxacin

Herein, a rapid and efficient molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) modified Ti₃C₂T_x-based electrochemical sensing platform was developed for levofloxacin detection (LEV). The MIP sensor was designed by depositing the synthesized Ti₃C₂T_x electrophoretically onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass surface, followed by electropolymerization of pyrrole as a monomer and LEV as a template molecule. Ti₃C₂T_x significantly enhances the electron transfer rate and offers a larger surface area to increase the number of imprinted sites for precise recognition of LEV. The fabricated sensor (MIP/Ti₃C₂T_x/ITO), under all optimized parameters, demonstrated superior selectivity with a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.76 pM and a linear relationship with LEV concentration ranging (1 pM–100 nM). Additionally, this newly developed sensor exhibited robust stability and sensitivity and successfully detected LEV in actual samples with satisfactory outcomes.