Review: osseointegration of titanium-based and zirconia implants: novel perspective on features, influencing factors and improvements

Currently, various artificial implants have been devised and applied to the human body. Traditionally, Traditionally, titanium and its alloys are the most well-known implant materials due to their excellent mechanical properties and processability. The biocompatibility of titanium-based implants is also commendable, attributed to the inherent biological inertia of the oxidation layer spontaneously formed on their surface. Additionally, zirconia, a type of biological, has garnered increasing attracted because of its superior mechanical properties and enhanced biocompatibility compared to titanium. Promoting bone healing and integration between host bone and implants remains a significant issue. Rapid and stable osseointegration at the bone-implant interface is essential for the successful integration of orthopedic implants. This review compares the osseointegration properties of titanium-based and zirconia implants and summarizes the factors that affect osseointegration. Furthermore, it proposes outlooks for improving osseointegration.