Review: recent progress in fine-structured graphene materials for electromagnetic interference shielding

With growing concerns over electromagnetic pollution, developing advanced electromagnetic shielding materials has become critical. Graphene, a versatile two-dimensional material, exhibits exceptional electrical properties and high specific surface area, making it ideal for electromagnetic shielding. However, graphene sheets tend to aggregate due to strong van der Waals forces, which hampers conductivity and shielding effectiveness. This review addresses the fundamental theories of electromagnetic shielding and discusses various methods to fabricate graphene and to engineer its assembly into functional two-dimensional and 3D structures like films and foams. It also covers the development of graphene-based composites with unique structures such as core–shell, sandwich, and bionic structure, emphasizing the correlation between graphene's structure, its composites, and shielding performance. The aim is to foster new ideas and provide technological insights for advancing graphene-based shielding materials.