<p>In learning methods defined on a manifold, it is often important to embed the manifold into a Hilbert space to apply kernel methods, as it enables the utilization of linear techniques in the transformed space, thereby facilitating complex data analysis and classification tasks with nonlinear structures [<CitationRef CitationID="CR10">10</CitationRef>]. In [<CitationRef CitationID="CR6">6</CitationRef>], the authors define an embedding of the <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10851_2025_1235_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textit{m}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="italic">m</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-dimensional Kendall shape space into an <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10851_2025_1235_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^{\textit{N}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">N</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> space, from which kernel methods are introduced in the Kendall shape space. In this paper, we significantly simplify this result by achieving an embedding of the Kendall shape space into a Euclidean space <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10851_2025_1235_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^{\textit{n}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">n</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of much lower dimension <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10851_2025_1235_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textit{n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="italic">n</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> than <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10851_2025_1235_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textit{N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="italic">N</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, greatly simplifying calculations and computational costs of applications. Additionally, we characterize the image of the Kendall shape space in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10851_2025_1235_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^{\textit{n}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">n</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, allowing us to define a new extrinsic mean of shapes in the Kendall shape space.</p>

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Enhancing a Kernel Method for Shape Analysis in Kendall Space

  • Ximo Gual-Arnau,
  • Juan Monterde

摘要

In learning methods defined on a manifold, it is often important to embed the manifold into a Hilbert space to apply kernel methods, as it enables the utilization of linear techniques in the transformed space, thereby facilitating complex data analysis and classification tasks with nonlinear structures [10]. In [6], the authors define an embedding of the \(\textit{m}\) m -dimensional Kendall shape space into an \(\mathbb {R}^{\textit{N}}\) R N space, from which kernel methods are introduced in the Kendall shape space. In this paper, we significantly simplify this result by achieving an embedding of the Kendall shape space into a Euclidean space \(\mathbb {R}^{\textit{n}}\) R n of much lower dimension \(\textit{n}\) n than \(\textit{N}\) N , greatly simplifying calculations and computational costs of applications. Additionally, we characterize the image of the Kendall shape space in \(\mathbb {R}^{\textit{n}}\) R n , allowing us to define a new extrinsic mean of shapes in the Kendall shape space.