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<p>The effective removal of dyes from polluted water presents an important ecological issue because of their harmful nature and enduring presence. Basic blue 3 (BB3) has considerable health hazards, including possible associations with cancer and genetic abnormalities, alongside established acute toxicity and irritation of the eyes and skin. Nanoporous carbon materials are extensively utilized for dye elimination owing to their extensive surface area and tunable porosity. The present study focuses on the fabrication of Kanak Champa wood nanoporous carbon (KCWNC) by a dual carbonization and KOH activation method intended for the adsorptive removal of BB3. FE-SEM, XRD, FTIR, zeta potential, and BET analyses were utilized to characterize the KCWNC. BET analysis indicates that KCWNC has a surface area of 512.6&#xa0;m²g⁻¹ and a mean pore diameter of 3.5&#xa0;nm. FTIR and Boehm titration analyses indicate the presence of –OH, –COOH, C = O, and C-O-C functional groups on the surface of KCWNC. These functional groups facilitate the removal of BB3 dye via electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions. The adsorption of BB3 on the surface of KCWNC occurs efficiently at an optimum pH of 8.0. KCWNC exhibited the highest adsorption capacity of 244.4 mgg<sup>− 1</sup> at 298&#xa0;K. Adsorption equilibrium efficiently followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999), and the kinetics of adsorption adhered to the pseudo-second-order approach. The thermodynamic study confirmed the adsorption to be a spontaneous process and exothermic in nature. A ΔH° value of -45.23 kJmol<sup>− 1</sup>, in conjunction with PSO kinetics, suggests the weak chemisorption of BB3 on the KCWNC surface. The KCWNC obtained in this research was also regenerated, maintaining a retention capacity of 94.1% after four cycles. BB3 adsorption on the surface of KCWNC occurs mainly due to electrostatic interactions. The research developed a biodegradable, recyclable, and effective nanoporous carbon material for treating coloured dye pollutants present in water, addressing environmental concerns in accordance with SDG6.</p>

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Sustainable nanoporous carbon from Kanak Champa wood for the enhanced removal of Basic blue 3 dye: kinetic modeling and mechanistic approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Abhishek Srivastava,
  • Rajeev Kumar Dohare,
  • Viswanadha Srirama Rajasekhar Pullabhotla,
  • Nitin Srivastava

摘要

The effective removal of dyes from polluted water presents an important ecological issue because of their harmful nature and enduring presence. Basic blue 3 (BB3) has considerable health hazards, including possible associations with cancer and genetic abnormalities, alongside established acute toxicity and irritation of the eyes and skin. Nanoporous carbon materials are extensively utilized for dye elimination owing to their extensive surface area and tunable porosity. The present study focuses on the fabrication of Kanak Champa wood nanoporous carbon (KCWNC) by a dual carbonization and KOH activation method intended for the adsorptive removal of BB3. FE-SEM, XRD, FTIR, zeta potential, and BET analyses were utilized to characterize the KCWNC. BET analysis indicates that KCWNC has a surface area of 512.6 m²g⁻¹ and a mean pore diameter of 3.5 nm. FTIR and Boehm titration analyses indicate the presence of –OH, –COOH, C = O, and C-O-C functional groups on the surface of KCWNC. These functional groups facilitate the removal of BB3 dye via electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions. The adsorption of BB3 on the surface of KCWNC occurs efficiently at an optimum pH of 8.0. KCWNC exhibited the highest adsorption capacity of 244.4 mgg− 1 at 298 K. Adsorption equilibrium efficiently followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.999), and the kinetics of adsorption adhered to the pseudo-second-order approach. The thermodynamic study confirmed the adsorption to be a spontaneous process and exothermic in nature. A ΔH° value of -45.23 kJmol− 1, in conjunction with PSO kinetics, suggests the weak chemisorption of BB3 on the KCWNC surface. The KCWNC obtained in this research was also regenerated, maintaining a retention capacity of 94.1% after four cycles. BB3 adsorption on the surface of KCWNC occurs mainly due to electrostatic interactions. The research developed a biodegradable, recyclable, and effective nanoporous carbon material for treating coloured dye pollutants present in water, addressing environmental concerns in accordance with SDG6.